An insertion-type probe main body for insertion into a pipe transporting gas and a method for making such an insertion-type probe main body are provided. The probe main body includes: an elongate upper tubular portion; an elongate lower tubular portion which is integral with and having a diameter smaller than the upper tubular portion; a bore which extends between the upper and lower tubular portions; and helical fins integrally formed on the lower tubular portion and which wind along and around an outer surface of the lower tubular portion and which overlap each other. A radial extension of the lower tubular portion plus helical fins corresponds to an external radius of the upper tubular portion, so that the helical fins extend in a streamline fashion from the upper tubular portion. Numerous other aspects are provided.

An insertion-type probe main body for insertion into a pipe transporting gas and a method for making such an insertion-type probe main body are provided. The probe main body includes: an elongate upper tubular portion; an elongate lower tubular portion which is integral with and having a diameter smaller than the upper tubular portion; a bore which extends between the upper and lower tubular portions; and helical fins integrally formed on the lower tubular portion and which wind along and around an outer surface of the lower tubular portion and which overlap each other. A radial extension of the lower tubular portion plus helical fins corresponds to an external radius of the upper tubular portion, so that the helical fins extend in a streamline fashion from the upper tubular portion. Numerous other aspects are provided.

A water quality measurement apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises an electrochemical cell, a pH sensor, a temperature sensor, a control circuit, a power source, a database, and a warning device. The electrochemical cell comprises a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The control circuit provides predetermined adjustable potentials between the reference electrode and the working electrode and measures electrochemical currents between the working electrode and the counter electrode, to form a current diagram based on the predetermined adjustable potentials and the electrochemical currents. The database stores predetermined reference diagrams based on various pH values and temperatures, and is in communication with the control circuit. The warning device is configured to output warnings, wherein the control circuit triggers the warning device in the condition that the current diagram exceeds the predetermined reference diagram based on the same range of the pH values and the temperatures.

A water quality measurement apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises an electrochemical cell, a pH sensor, a temperature sensor, a control circuit, a power source, a database, and a warning device. The electrochemical cell comprises a working electrode, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode. The control circuit provides predetermined adjustable potentials between the reference electrode and the working electrode and measures electrochemical currents between the working electrode and the counter electrode, to form a current diagram based on the predetermined adjustable potentials and the electrochemical currents. The database stores predetermined reference diagrams based on various pH values and temperatures, and is in communication with the control circuit. The warning device is configured to output warnings, wherein the control circuit triggers the warning device in the condition that the current diagram exceeds the predetermined reference diagram based on the same range of the pH values and the temperatures.

A process fluid temperature measurement system includes a thermowell configured to couple to a process fluid conduit and extend through a wall of the process fluid conduit. A temperature sensor assembly is disposed within the thermowell and includes a first temperature sensitive element and a second temperature sensitive element. The first temperature sensitive element is disposed within the thermowell adjacent a distal end of the thermowell. The second temperature sensitive element is spaced apart from the first temperature sensitive element along a spacer having a known thermal conductivity. Transmitter circuitry is coupled to the first and second temperature sensitive elements and is configured to perform a heat flux calculation to provide a process fluid temperature output.

A flow detector for detecting flow rates of fluid in pipes by measuring the temperature of the pipe and the ambient temperature and determining from the signals whether there is a flow in the pipe,by the shape of the temperature signals without providing any heat input to the pipe or fluid.

A method and system are provided with which it is possible to detect non-firing and untimely firing events in internal combustion and, if necessary, the temperature of the gas in the exhaust gas pipe. This is performed in general by measuring the speed of sound and determining the phase angle between the sender and receiver either arranged on different sides of the exhaust gas pipe or on the same side of the exhaust gas pipe. The receiver, depending on the measurement principle, can include one, two, or in special applications three receivers. Additionally, if necessary, it is possible to suppress the structure-borne sound influence on a speed of sound measurement with low cost and high stability.

A drilling fluid flowback tracking system and method for determining quantities and qualities of drilling fluid returned from the wellhead in drilling operations, providing a frame, a receiving pipe, a riser pipe, and a surge suppressor for conveying returned drilling fluid, a tapered fluid bin having a calibrated drain slot, which retains fluid at a level corresponding to the inflow rate of the fluid, and flow rate marks for visual correlation of the highest level of outflow with the flow rate of the inflow. Collection and retention of data is further provided through sensors in an inline sensor housing communicating through a data cable with a data collection unit. Remote access to the data collection unit is further provided through a data transceiver and remote data unit.

A method comprises performing an analysis of airflow and temperature distribution in an indoor environment utilizing a hybrid turbulence model including a Chen-Xu model used for analysis of bulk flow and a wall function used in first grid cells bounding solid objects in the indoor environment and adjusting physical layout and/or operating parameters of heat producing electrical equipment and/or a cooling system of the indoor environment responsive to results of the analysis to improve one of temperature distribution within the indoor environment and operating efficiency of the cooling system of the indoor environment.

A method comprises performing an analysis of airflow and temperature distribution in an indoor environment utilizing a hybrid turbulence model including a Chen-Xu model used for analysis of bulk flow and a wall function used in first grid cells bounding solid objects in the indoor environment and adjusting physical layout and/or operating parameters of heat producing electrical equipment and/or a cooling system of the indoor environment responsive to results of the analysis to improve one of temperature distribution within the indoor environment and operating efficiency of the cooling system of the indoor environment.