A method to determine a temperature of a product, the method includes: determining a dielectric constant as a function of a core-, surface-, and/or average-temperature correlation (T) of at least one product and storing the dielectric constant in a computer means; locating the product between a microwave-radiometry-antenna and a microwave-radiometry-receiver and measuring the dielectric properties of the product; selecting the correlation (T) that corresponds to the product whose dielectric properties have been measured, and calculating the core-, surface-, and/or average-temperature of the product using the dielectric constant correlation (T).

Temperature sensors particularly suitable for high temperature heat flux measurements across the thickness of a component, for example a turbine blade. The sensors comprise one or more conductive traces that wrap around an edge of the component, thereby connecting one or more hot junctions on the hot side of the component to the cold junction contacts on the colder side of the component. In some embodiments the traces comprise two dissimilar materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and platinum. Alternatively, if the component is electrically conductive, the component itself can form one thermoelement of the sensor.

Temperature sensors particularly suitable for high temperature heat flux measurements across the thickness of a component, for example a turbine blade. The sensors comprise one or more conductive traces that wrap around an edge of the component, thereby connecting one or more hot junctions on the hot side of the component to the cold junction contacts on the colder side of the component. In some embodiments the traces comprise two dissimilar materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and platinum. Alternatively, if the component is electrically conductive, the component itself can form one thermoelement of the sensor.

A pressure sensing unit comprises a membrane and two permanent magnets inside the cavity. One magnet is coupled to the membrane, and at least one magnet is free to oscillate with a rotational movement. At least one magnet is free to oscillate with a rotational movement. The oscillation takes place at a resonance frequency, which is a function of the sensed pressure, which pressure influences the spacing between the two permanent magnets. This oscillation frequency can be sensed remotely by measuring a magnetic field altered by the oscillation. The pressure sensing unit may be provided on a catheter or guidewire.

A pressure sensing unit comprises a membrane and two permanent magnets inside the cavity. One magnet is coupled to the membrane, and at least one magnet is free to oscillate with a rotational movement. At least one magnet is free to oscillate with a rotational movement. The oscillation takes place at a resonance frequency, which is a function of the sensed pressure, which pressure influences the spacing between the two permanent magnets. This oscillation frequency can be sensed remotely by measuring a magnetic field altered by the oscillation. The pressure sensing unit may be provided on a catheter or guidewire.

A crystal unit with a built-in temperature sensor includes a container, a quartz-crystal vibrating piece and a temperature sensor, a lid member, and a pedestal. The quartz-crystal vibrating piece and the temperature sensor are mounted in the container. The temperature sensor is provided on a first principal surface of the container. The lid member is connected to the container and sealing the quartz-crystal vibrating piece and the temperature sensor. The pedestal made of crystal has a height higher than a height of the temperature sensor disposed in a region of the first principal surface other than a region where the temperature sensor is provided. The quartz-crystal vibrating piece has a portion above the temperature sensor and another portion connected and secured to the pedestal made of crystal.

A crystal unit with a built-in temperature sensor includes a container, a quartz-crystal vibrating piece and a temperature sensor, a lid member, and a pedestal. The quartz-crystal vibrating piece and the temperature sensor are mounted in the container. The temperature sensor is provided on a first principal surface of the container. The lid member is connected to the container and sealing the quartz-crystal vibrating piece and the temperature sensor. The pedestal made of crystal has a height higher than a height of the temperature sensor disposed in a region of the first principal surface other than a region where the temperature sensor is provided. The quartz-crystal vibrating piece has a portion above the temperature sensor and another portion connected and secured to the pedestal made of crystal.