Robust estimation of temperatures inside and outside a device can be achieved using one or more absolute temperature sensors optionally in conjunction with thermopile heat flux sensors. Thermopile temperature sensing systems can measure a temperature gradient across two locations within the device, to estimate absolute temperature at locations that are impractical to measure using absolute temperature sensors. Using heat flux models associated with the device, the thermopile temperature sensing system can be used to estimate temperature associated with objects that contact an outer surface of the device, such as a user's skin temperature. Additionally, the thermopile temperature sensing system can be used to estimate ambient air temperature. Within a device, temperature measurements from the thermopile temperature sensors can be used to compensate sensor measurements, such as when the accuracy or reliability of a sensor varies with temperature.

Robust estimation of temperatures inside and outside a device can be achieved using one or more absolute temperature sensors optionally in conjunction with thermopile heat flux sensors. Thermopile temperature sensing systems can measure a temperature gradient across two locations within the device, to estimate absolute temperature at locations that are impractical to measure using absolute temperature sensors. Using heat flux models associated with the device, the thermopile temperature sensing system can be used to estimate temperature associated with objects that contact an outer surface of the device, such as a user's skin temperature. Additionally, the thermopile temperature sensing system can be used to estimate ambient air temperature. Within a device, temperature measurements from the thermopile temperature sensors can be used to compensate sensor measurements, such as when the accuracy or reliability of a sensor varies with temperature.

An apparatus for estimating body temperature of an object is provided. The apparatus for estimating body temperature includes: a sensor configured to obtain spectra through a plurality of light paths of an object; and a processor configured to obtain a temperature slope between temperatures corresponding to the plurality of light paths based on the spectra of the plurality of light paths and a reference spectrum measured at a reference temperature, and estimate the body temperature of the object based on the temperature slope.

An apparatus for estimating a core body temperature of an object is provided. The apparatus may include a heat flow sensor configured to measure a first heat flux from an object, a first temperature sensor positioned under a thermal conducting material and configured to measure a surface temperature of the object, a second temperature sensor positioned above the thermal conducting material and configured to measure a surface temperature of the thermal conducting material, and a processor configured to obtain a second heat flux by calibrating the first heat flux based on the surface temperature of the object and the surface temperature of the thermal conducting material, and configured to estimate a core body temperature of the object based on the obtained second heat flux and the surface temperature of the object.

A deep body thermometer that includes a body temperature measurement unit having a thermal resistor layer formed of a thermal resistor having a predetermined thermal resistance value, four temperature sensors arranged in a thickness direction of the thermal resistor layer, and a wiring substrate on which a processing circuit for processing an output signal of each of the four temperature sensors is mounted. Moreover, the thermometer includes an upper exterior body made of a foamed material of a closed cell or a semi-closed cell having a waterproof property to accommodate the body temperature measurement unit, and a lower exterior body formed of a non-foamed resin film having a waterproof property, in which peripheral edge portions of the upper exterior body and the lower exterior body are fixed in a close contact manner.

A deep body thermometer that includes a body temperature measurement unit having a thermal resistor layer formed of a thermal resistor having a predetermined thermal resistance value, four temperature sensors arranged in a thickness direction of the thermal resistor layer, and a wiring substrate on which a processing circuit for processing an output signal of each of the four temperature sensors is mounted. Moreover, the thermometer includes an upper exterior body made of a foamed material of a closed cell or a semi-closed cell having a waterproof property to accommodate the body temperature measurement unit, and a lower exterior body formed of a non-foamed resin film having a waterproof property, in which peripheral edge portions of the upper exterior body and the lower exterior body are fixed in a close contact manner.

Methods, systems and computer program products provide for a Risk Assessment Engine that receives body ambient temperature data captured by a sensor in contact with a person. The Risk Assessment Engine characterizes types of activities performed by the person during a time range associated with the body ambient temperature data. The Risk Assessment Engine determines a risk classification individualized for the person based on respective workloads and the corresponding allocations of work and rest experienced by the person during performance of the characterized types of activities.

Methods, systems and computer program products provide for a Risk Assessment Engine that receives body ambient temperature data captured by a sensor in contact with a person. The Risk Assessment Engine characterizes types of activities performed by the person during a time range associated with the body ambient temperature data. The Risk Assessment Engine determines a risk classification individualized for the person based on respective workloads and the corresponding allocations of work and rest experienced by the person during performance of the characterized types of activities.

A wearable environmental sensor device includes a temperature/humidity sensor disposed on a wall surface of a housing that is exposed to an environment and configured to measure ambient environmental information around a living body, and a protective structure formed around the temperature/humidity sensor. The temperature/humidity sensor is disposed, directly or via a support structure, on or over the wall surface of the housing, wherein the wall surface faces substantially downward from the living body when the wearable environmental sensor device is attached to the living body and the living body is in a standing posture. The protective structure has respective ventilation holes provided in two or more pairs of opposed surfaces thereof each facing in a direction other than a vertical direction of the living body when the wearable environmental sensor device is attached to the living body and the living body is in the standing posture.

A system and method for verifying a patient's immunity to a predetermined pathogen are provided. The contemplated system relies on at least one of patient-specific and exposure data, which could include immunization or vaccination data, to assess the patient's immunity to a predetermined pathogen. If immunity is verified, the patient is selectively issued a digital certificate real-time and/or on-demand used to allow access to a building, gain authorization to conduct predetermined activities, work, travel freely, etc. The immunity certificate may be renewed or revoked if predetermined events occur, such as a rise in body temperature over a predetermined level.