FCIS based-LEMCS designed in this invention accomplishes both of the above proficiencies of measuring the averaged pulse energy of the Pulsed Type Laser Source and calibrating the Commercial Laser Energy Meters, which are traceably to primary level standards, FCIS based-LEMCS contains an integrating sphere having a novel port and an interior design and a series of mechanical choppers having separate Duty Cycles, each of which is rotated by an electrical motor in FCIS based-LEMCS, used for generating a chopped type laser, called as Chopped Type Laser Source, in order to provide the reference and averaged pulse energy for traceable calibration of Commercial Laser Energy Meters.

Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer and its success depends critically on accurate targeting and delivery of the correct radiation dose. Accurate dosimetry is therefore essential to maintain and improve patient survival rates. However, size and long wait times currently limit water and graphite based calorimeters to standards laboratories leaving field-based dosimetry to ionization chamber measurements which depend upon a reference field-specified calibration factor. It would therefore be beneficial to provide radiotherapy equipment operators a direct approach of clinical reference dosimetry wherein the dosimeter provides increased independence on dose, dose rate, radiation energy, and energy type, etc. It would be further beneficial for such novel clinical dosimeters to be compact, function as secondary standards used routinely for measurements and allow radiotherapy doses to be measured directly and in an absolute manner. According to embodiments of the invention novel compact graphite probe calorimeters are provided.

Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer and its success depends critically on accurate targeting and delivery of the correct radiation dose. Accurate dosimetry is therefore essential to maintain and improve patient survival rates. However, size and long wait times currently limit water and graphite based calorimeters to standards laboratories leaving field-based dosimetry to ionization chamber measurements which depend upon a reference field-specified calibration factor. It would therefore be beneficial to provide radiotherapy equipment operators a direct approach of clinical reference dosimetry wherein the dosimeter provides increased independence on dose, dose rate, radiation energy, and energy type, etc. It would be further beneficial for such novel clinical dosimeters to be compact, function as secondary standards used routinely for measurements and allow radiotherapy doses to be measured directly and in an absolute manner. According to embodiments of the invention novel compact graphite probe calorimeters are provided.

A system for calorimetry includes a plurality of wells disposed upon a well plate, an input feature to deposit a sample within each well, and light sources configurable to irradiate each of the wells in the well plate, and their samples, with incident light. A photonic sensor chip at a bottom of each well includes a plural nanohole array sensor on a substrate. A light detector positioned below the well is configured to measure the transmission of light through the sensors, obtaining a series of optical transmission measurements. A heater is in thermal contact with each of the wells, applying a transient thermal increase to each well, and the sample therein, at a known heat rate. A processor is configured to calculate a measurement for each well as a function of the series of optical transmission measurements and the transient thermal increase, the measurement being indicative of the sample within the well undergoing a change in response to the transient thermal increase, the change relating to a property of the sample.

A system for analyzing laser beam characteristics at field of view extremities in high-speed laser motion systems, wherein the high-speed laser motion systems comprise a laser that generates a non-stationary laser beam and a build platform positioned at a predetermined location relative to the non-stationary laser beam, comprising a known or pre-defined field of view of the laser, wherein the laser beam characteristics are known or determined at a center location of the field of view; and a plurality of pin-hole sensors mounted at the field of view extremities, wherein each pin-hole sensor measures the laser beam characteristics at the field of view extremities, and wherein differences between the laser beam characteristics at the center location and the laser beam characteristics at the field of view extremities are captured and accounted for in the high-speed laser motion system during processing.

A spinning flat plate calorimeter device is provided for receiving and measuring laser energy. The device includes a circular disk, a shaft, a structure and a motor. The circular disk has temperature-detection instrumentation for measuring temperature from the laser energy. The shaft is supported by distal and proximal bearings. The structure supports the disk, shaft and its bearings. The motor turns the shaft and the disk. Additionally, the disk further includes a flat plate, a yoke wheel and a plurality of spacers. The plate has an obverse face for receiving the laser energy and a reverse face with a spiral groove for attaching the instrumentation. The yoke wheel attaches to the shaft. The thermal isolator spacers mechanically attach the yoke wheel to the flat plate.

Disclosed is a system for measuring the power of a microwave beam. The system includes a waveguide, a preload, a load, a diffusing mirror disposed inside the load, cooling conduits containing water lapping the against load, a thermometer for measuring the temperature of the water, and calculation means for calculating the power of the microwave beam based on a temperature increase of the water. Wherein the preload has a deviation box with a beam deviator configured in such a way to allow for a deviation and collimation of a microwave beam exiting the deviation box with respect to a microwave beam entering the deviation box.

An approach for characterizing laser light emitted from a high-powered laser is disclosed. In one example, the approach is employed by a tool that includes an array of thermopiles and a computing system. The array of thermopiles is configured to receive laser light emitted from the high-powered laser. Each thermopile has a fixed spatial location relative to each other thermopile within the array of thermopiles. Each thermopile is configured to output an energy flux value of the laser light incident on the thermopile. The computing system is configured to receive a set of energy flux values from the array of thermopiles based at least on the laser light emitted by the high-powered laser being incident on the array of thermopiles and output a characterization of the laser light emitted by the high-powered laser based at least on the set energy flux values received from the array of thermopiles.

The present application discloses an improved thermopile laser sensor apparatus and methods of use. In one embodiment, the apparatus includes a sensor body having a first sensor body recess and a second sensor body recess formed therein, with a substrate positioned in the first sensor body recess in thermal communication with the sensor body. The substrate includes at least one absorber attached thereto and configured to absorb a portion of a beam of laser energy. A first thermal sensor in thermal communication with the substrate and the sensor body may be formed on or attached to the substrate. A second thermal sensor in thermal communication with the sensor body may be positioned in the second sensor body recess. A thermal barrier configured to reduce the rate of transfer of thermal energy from the substrate to the second thermal sensor may be positioned between the substrate and the second thermal sensor.

An energy beam profiler and calorimeter (EPC) includes a target surface configured to receive an impinging energy beam to be profiled by the EPC and generate heat in response to the energy beam. The EPC also includes one or more first oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) arranged to transfer the heat away from a location at which the impinging energy beam strikes the target surface of the EPC. Other features are also provided.