A multi-split air-conditioning system, and a method for calculating a heat exchange capacity thereof. The method includes: acquiring a total heat exchange capacity of a multi-split air-conditioning system; acquiring a pressure difference between two pressure measurement points on each air pipe; acquiring the distance between the two pressure measurement points on each air pipe; acquiring the pipe diameter of each air pipe; acquiring the friction factor of each air pipe; acquiring the density of a heat exchange medium in each air pipe; and according to the total heat exchange capacity of the multi-split air-conditioning system, the pressure difference and distance between the two pressure measurement points on each air pipe, the pipe diameter and friction factor of each air pipe, and the density of the heat exchange medium in each air pipe, calculating a heat exchange capacity of each indoor unit.

A process fluid temperature measurement system includes a thermowell configured to couple to a process fluid conduit and extend through a wall of the process fluid conduit. A temperature sensor assembly is disposed within the thermowell and includes a first temperature sensitive element and a second temperature sensitive element. The first temperature sensitive element is disposed within the thermowell adjacent a distal end of the thermowell. The second temperature sensitive element is spaced apart from the first temperature sensitive element along a spacer having a known thermal conductivity. Transmitter circuitry is coupled to the first and second temperature sensitive elements and is configured to perform a heat flux calculation to provide a process fluid temperature output.

A lifetime estimation system for estimating a lifetime of a heating source is provided in an apparatus for heating a target object using the heating source and performing a feedback control of a target object temperature using a temperature controller based on a temperature measurement value of the target object measured by a temperature measuring device. The temperature controller controls a power supplied to the heating source and performs a temperature control using a state space model to perform the feedback control of the temperature of the target object. The lifetime estimation system includes a temperature monitor unit that monitors the temperature measurement value of the target object, a hunting amount detection unit that detects a hunting amount in a stable region of the monitored temperature of the target object, and a lifetime estimation unit that estimates a lifetime of the heating source from the detected hunting amount.

A lifetime estimation system for estimating a lifetime of a heating source is provided in an apparatus for heating a target object using the heating source and performing a feedback control of a target object temperature using a temperature controller based on a temperature measurement value of the target object measured by a temperature measuring device. The temperature controller controls a power supplied to the heating source and performs a temperature control using a state space model to perform the feedback control of the temperature of the target object. The lifetime estimation system includes a temperature monitor unit that monitors the temperature measurement value of the target object, a hunting amount detection unit that detects a hunting amount in a stable region of the monitored temperature of the target object, and a lifetime estimation unit that estimates a lifetime of the heating source from the detected hunting amount.

An angle ball valve includes a housing, valve chamber, and first and second fluid ports. A hollow ball is disposed within the valve chamber and in abutment to sealing elements, and includes a first surface opening and second surface opening and is rotatable within the valve chamber about an axis of ball rotation between open and closed ball valve positions. A first sensor orifice is formed within the valve housing coaxial with the axis of ball rotation and receives a sensor, which extends into a second sensor orifice of the ball. A valve stem is operatively connected to the ball and extends along the axis of ball rotation opposite the first sensor orifice. The valve stem rotates the ball into and out of open and closed ball valve positions.

An angle ball valve includes a housing, valve chamber, and first and second fluid ports. A hollow ball is disposed within the valve chamber and in abutment to sealing elements, and includes a first surface opening and second surface opening and is rotatable within the valve chamber about an axis of ball rotation between open and closed ball valve positions. A first sensor orifice is formed within the valve housing coaxial with the axis of ball rotation and receives a sensor, which extends into a second sensor orifice of the ball. A valve stem is operatively connected to the ball and extends along the axis of ball rotation opposite the first sensor orifice. The valve stem rotates the ball into and out of open and closed ball valve positions.

The methods and instrumentations for measuring in real-time the two-phase mass flow rate and the enthalpy from the geothermal wells and large diameter pipelines can be used in memory and on-line to measure the mass flow rate and enthalpy when the two-phase pipeline is in operation or during testing. This measuring instrument consists of primary, secondary and multi-tapping components. The primary component can be a concentric orifice plate, a top eccentric orifice plate, a bottom eccentric orifice plate, a segmental orifice plate, Nozzle or Venturi tube. The secondary component is a transmitters-transducers. The multi tapping used are radius (ID and ID/2), flanges, corners and other arrangement or different combinations. On this device system, the data signal of upstream pressure, downstream and the pressure difference of the multi tapping is recorded and transmitted or recorded by the transmitters-transducers to the computer machine.

The methods and instrumentations for measuring in real-time the two-phase mass flow rate and the enthalpy from the geothermal wells and large diameter pipelines can be used in memory and on-line to measure the mass flow rate and enthalpy when the two-phase pipeline is in operation or during testing. This measuring instrument consists of primary, secondary and multi-tapping components. The primary component can be a concentric orifice plate, a top eccentric orifice plate, a bottom eccentric orifice plate, a segmental orifice plate, Nozzle or Venturi tube. The secondary component is a transmitters-transducers. The multi tapping used are radius (ID and ID/2), flanges, corners and other arrangement or different combinations. On this device system, the data signal of upstream pressure, downstream and the pressure difference of the multi tapping is recorded and transmitted or recorded by the transmitters-transducers to the computer machine.

It is an object of the present invention to provide a calorific value measuring device and a calorific value measuring method which enable highly reliable measurement of the calorific value of a by-product gas produced in a steelmaking process. In the present invention, with a by-product gas produced in a steelmaking process being employed as an object gas of which calorific value is to be measured, the refractive index and the sonic speed of the by-product gas are measured so as to compute a refractive index equivalent calorific value Q.sub.O from the value of the refractive index as well as a sonic speed equivalent calorific value Q.sub.S from the value of the sonic speed. On the basis of the concentration X.sub.CO of carbon monoxide gas contained in the by-product gas, an error calorific value Q.sub.CO is computed by Equation (1) below using a value selected within a range of 0.08 to 0.03 as a calorific value equivalent coefficient . On the basis of the refractive index equivalent calorific value Q.sub.O, the sonic speed equivalent calorific value Q.sub.S and the error calorific value Q.sub.CO which have been computed, the calorific value Q of the by-product gas is determined by Equation (2) below using a value selected within a range of 1.1 to 4.2 as a correction factor . $\begin{array}{cc}{Q}_{\mathrm{CO}}=X_{\mathrm{CO}}.Math.& \mathrm{Equation}\left(1\right)\\ Q=Q_0-\frac{Q_0-Q_S}{1-}-Q_C\end{array}$

It is an object of the present invention to provide a calorific value measuring device and a calorific value measuring method which enable highly reliable measurement of the calorific value of a by-product gas produced in a steelmaking process. In the present invention, with a by-product gas produced in a steelmaking process being employed as an object gas of which calorific value is to be measured, the refractive index and the sonic speed of the by-product gas are measured so as to compute a refractive index equivalent calorific value Q.sub.O from the value of the refractive index as well as a sonic speed equivalent calorific value Q.sub.S from the value of the sonic speed. On the basis of the concentration X.sub.CO of carbon monoxide gas contained in the by-product gas, an error calorific value Q.sub.CO is computed by Equation (1) below using a value selected within a range of 0.08 to 0.03 as a calorific value equivalent coefficient . On the basis of the refractive index equivalent calorific value Q.sub.O, the sonic speed equivalent calorific value Q.sub.S and the error calorific value Q.sub.CO which have been computed, the calorific value Q of the by-product gas is determined by Equation (2) below using a value selected within a range of 1.1 to 4.2 as a correction factor . $\begin{array}{cc}{Q}_{\mathrm{CO}}=X_{\mathrm{CO}}.Math.& \mathrm{Equation}\left(1\right)\\ Q=Q_0-\frac{Q_0-Q_S}{1-}-Q_C\end{array}$