Systems and methods are provided to detect a failed thermocouple. A temperature in a gas path of a gas turbine engine may be measured, where the temperature is based on a signal generated by a thermocouple during a startup of the gas turbine engine and/or during an idle period that immediately follows the startup, and the thermocouple protrudes into the gas path. A failure of the thermocouple may be detected if the temperature is determined to be less than a threshold temperature.

A resistance pattern that contains platinum as a main component is formed into a meander shape and on a main surface of a ceramic substrate. A protective film layer that covers the resistance pattern has a two-layer structure including a trap layer as an inner layer and an overcoat layer as an outer layer. The trap layer contains alumina as a main component and 2 to 30 vol % of platinum. The overcoat layer contains alumina as a main component. With such a configuration, even when reactivity of the platinum resistance pattern becomes higher under high temperature use, platinum contained in the trap layer reacts with oxygen or impurities etc. contained in the ceramic substrate. Thus, reaction of the platinum resistance pattern can be suppressed.

A state estimation device for an internal combustion engine includes: a storage device that stores mapping data, the mapping data being data defining a mapping that takes as an input an internal combustion engine state variable and that generates as an output an estimated value for estimating the state of the internal combustion engine; and an execution device that executes an acquisition process of acquiring the internal combustion engine state variable and an estimation process of calculating the estimated value based on the output of the mapping. The mapping data is data learned by machine learning. When the estimated value is out of an acceptable range, the execution device executes a guard process of adjusting the estimated value to a value close to or within the acceptable range. When executing the guard process, the execution device calculates the value after the guard process as the estimated value.

A temperature sensor includes a temperature sensing element transducing a sensed temperature into an electrical output signal and having a plurality of electrically conductive leads, a mineral insulated cable having a plurality of conductor wires enclosed by a metal outer sheath, and an electrically insulating element. The conductor wires are insulated inside the cable and extend beyond the outer sheath. The electrically insulating element insulates the conductor wires at least partially with respect to each other and with respect to the outer sheath. The electrically insulating element has a first opening receiving the conductor wires and a second opening receiving the temperature sensing element. The electrically conductive leads are connected to the conductor wires at a junction region located within the electrically insulating element. The electrically insulating element has an aperture extending up to the junction region.

A system includes: a first temperature sensor configured to measure a first temperature of exhaust at a first location of an exhaust system of a vehicle; a second temperature sensor configured to measure a second temperature of exhaust at a second location of the exhaust system of the vehicle; a first analog to digital (A/D) converter configured to receive a first analog signal from the first temperature sensor, to sample the first analog signal to produce first samples, and to generate first digital values corresponding to the first temperature based on the first samples, respectively; and a second A/D converter a configured to receive a second analog signal from the second temperature sensor, to sample the second analog signal to produce second samples, and to generate second digital values corresponding to the second temperature based on the second samples, respectively.

A heater system for an exhaust system is provided. The heater system includes a heater disposed in an exhaust conduit. The heater includes a plurality of heating elements disposed in the exhaust conduit. A heating control module controls the plurality of heating elements differently according to operating conditions specific to each heating element. In other forms, the heater system for an exhaust system has a plurality of heating zones, instead of a plurality of heating elements. The heating control module controls the plurality of heating zones differently according to operating conditions specific to each heating zone.

A fluid control system is provided that in one form includes a first flow channel, a second flow channel, a heater disposed in the second flow channel, and a fluid control device disposed upstream from the first and second flow channels. When the heater is turned on, the fluid control device changes a fluid flow rate through at least one of the first flow channel and the second flow channel. In another form, the fluid control system includes a bypass conduit, a heater disposed within the bypass conduit, and a fluid control device disposed near the inlet and outlet of the bypass conduit. In still another form, the fluid control system includes a regeneration device disposed downstream from at least one exhaust aftertreatment system and closes an outlet of the exhaust pipe.

A state estimation device for an internal combustion engine includes: a storage device that stores mapping data, the mapping data being data defining a mapping that takes as an input an internal combustion engine state variable and that generates as an output an estimated value for estimating the state of the internal combustion engine; and an execution device that executes an acquisition process of acquiring the internal combustion engine state variable and an estimation process of calculating the estimated value based on the output of the mapping. The mapping data is data learned by machine learning. When the estimated value is out of an acceptable range, the execution device executes a guard process of adjusting the estimated value to a value close to or within the acceptable range. When executing the guard process, the execution device calculates the value after the guard process as the estimated value.

Thermocouple assemblies for high temperature applications are provided. The thermocouple assembly includes a protection tube; and a thermocouple probe within the protection tube. The thermocouple probe includes a cable connector at a first end and extending along a longitudinal axis to a free second end. A protective housing assembly, which extends around the thermocouple probe, extends from the cable connector to a tapered end of the protective housing assembly. The protective housing assembly includes an installation unit having a fixed transition joint. An oversheath extends between the installation unit and the tapered end. The free second end of the thermocouple probe extends along the longitudinal axis beyond the tapered end of the oversheath.

A method of predicting the temperature of a resistive heating element in a heating system is provided. The method includes obtaining resistance characteristics of resistive heating elements and compensating for variations in the resistance characteristics over a temperature regime. The resistance characteristics of the resistive heating element include, but are not limited to, inaccuracies in resistance measurements due to strain-induced resistance variations, variations in resistance due to the rate of cooling, shifts in power output due to exposure to temperature, resistance to temperature relationships, non-monotonic resistance to temperature relationships, system measurement errors, and combinations of resistance characteristics. The method includes interpreting and calibrating resistance characteristics based on a priori measurements and in situ measurements.