Provided is a measurement method including measuring, by using a piezoelectric sheet sensor in contact with a measurement object, vibration transmitted from the measurement object to the piezoelectric sheet sensor and measuring pressing force between the measurement object and the piezoelectric sheet sensor.

A method of determining stress within a composite structure is provided which includes coupling a sensor to a composite structure under load having embedded therein a plurality of particles, wherein the particles at room temperature are paraelectric or ferroelectric, transmitting an electromagnetic radiation to the sensor, thereby generating an electromagnetic field into the composite structure, sweeping frequency from a first frequency to a second frequency in a pulsed manner, receiving reflected power from the composite structure, determining the resonance frequency of the sensor, and translating the resonance frequency of the sensor to stress within the composite structure.

A method of determining stress within a composite structure is provided which includes coupling a sensor to a composite structure under load having embedded therein a plurality of particles, wherein the particles at room temperature are paraelectric or ferroelectric, transmitting an electromagnetic radiation to the sensor, thereby generating an electromagnetic field into the composite structure, sweeping frequency from a first frequency to a second frequency in a pulsed manner, receiving reflected power from the composite structure, determining the resonance frequency of the sensor, and translating the resonance frequency of the sensor to stress within the composite structure.

Systems and methods for determining a Material's (MTL) mechanical properties. The methods comprise: coupling a first end of MTL to a First Mechanical Mechanism (FMM) movable in a First Direction (FD) and coupling a second end of MTL to a Second Mechanical Mechanism (SMM) movable in a Second Direction (SD); applying a first Pulling Force (PF) to MTL; applying an Oscillating Force (OF) to MTL; applying a second PF to MTL so as to cause any undulations in MTL to be removed and to cause a loading of fibers or polymeric units that support MTL; allowing MTL to oscillate through a series of cycles of loading and unloading; measuring a strain/stress on MTL as a function of time; determining a natural frequency of MTL based on the strain/stress; and determining an elastic modulus of MTL using the natural frequency.

In a stress measurement method, an object to be measured is vibrated at a plurality of oscillation frequencies, and a temperature amplitude of the object to be measured is measured by using a temperature sensor. Parameters of a one-dimensional heat conduction equation described below are identified by performing curve-fitting, on the basis of the one-dimensional heat conduction equation, on a measurement value of the temperature amplitude with respect to frequency characteristics of a temperature change component and a phase component based on a thermoelastic effect. The frequency characteristics are obtained at the plurality of oscillation frequencies. The one-dimensional heat conduction equation indicates a theoretical solution of a temperature amplitude on a surface of a coating film based on heat conduction and the thermoelastic effect of each of a substrate and the coating film. Then, a stress of the object to be measured is obtained based on the identified parameters.

In a stress measurement method, an object to be measured is vibrated at a plurality of oscillation frequencies, and a temperature amplitude of the object to be measured is measured by using a temperature sensor. Parameters of a one-dimensional heat conduction equation described below are identified by performing curve-fitting, on the basis of the one-dimensional heat conduction equation, on a measurement value of the temperature amplitude with respect to frequency characteristics of a temperature change component and a phase component based on a thermoelastic effect. The frequency characteristics are obtained at the plurality of oscillation frequencies. The one-dimensional heat conduction equation indicates a theoretical solution of a temperature amplitude on a surface of a coating film based on heat conduction and the thermoelastic effect of each of a substrate and the coating film. Then, a stress of the object to be measured is obtained based on the identified parameters.

A non-contact strain and/or displacement measurement system for use with structural objects having an optical device, a data store and an image arrangement that is fixed relative to the structural object to be tested, the optical device including an image receiving device for receiving visual images and the data store being configured to record the received visual images, the image receiving device being spaced from the image arrangement by an optical spacing such that the image receiving device has a visual range that includes a portion of the structural object and the image arrangement being within the portion, the image arrangement having at least one image element wherein movement of the at least one image element during a measurement period provides image data to calculate structural object strain and/or structural object displacement.

Methods of analyzing a cyclo-mechanical engine include detecting an engine signal associated with a plurality of cycles of the cyclo-mechanical engine, comparing a first sample of the engine signal with a second sample of the engine signal to determine a cycle length of the cyclo-mechanical engine, and analyzing the engine signal to detect a variation in the cycle length of the cyclo-mechanical engine over time based on the determined cycle length. Related systems and computer program products are also disclosed.

Methods of analyzing a cyclo-mechanical engine include detecting an engine signal associated with a plurality of cycles of the cyclo-mechanical engine, comparing a first sample of the engine signal with a second sample of the engine signal to determine a cycle length of the cyclo-mechanical engine, and analyzing the engine signal to detect a variation in the cycle length of the cyclo-mechanical engine over time based on the determined cycle length. Related systems and computer program products are also disclosed.

In a load sensor detecting a magnitude of an external load applied in a direction parallel to a sheet shape of a sheet-shaped quartz crystal resonator, the load sensor comprising: a quartz crystal resonator layer including the sheet-shaped quartz crystal resonator and a pair of electrode portions on a pair of surfaces opposite to each other in a plate thickness direction of the quartz crystal resonator; and a pair of holding layers disposed to sandwich both sides of the sheet shape of the quartz crystal resonator layer and causing a displacement in substantially the same amount as the quartz crystal resonator layer when the external load is applied to the quartz crystal resonator layer, the holding layers and the quartz crystal resonator layer are made of materials having substantially equivalent rates of thermal expansion.