A system comprises a member to receive a mechanical force, and a sensor to sense the mechanical force. The sensor is mounted on the member using a set of nanoparticles and a set of nanowires coupled to the set of nanoparticles.

An apparatus is provided for measuring a torque in a force-feedback actuator for a steer-by-wire steering system has a housing element, a control unit, a drive apparatus, and a transmission apparatus to be coupled to a steering device. At least one motion sensor detects a motion of the transmission apparatus relative to the housing element and provide a motion signal resulting from the motion to the control unit. The transmission apparatus is coupled to the housing element by way of at least one reset-reversible adjusting device which has at least one mechanical property. A torque of the transmission apparatus, and thus of a connectable steering device, may be ascertained by the control unit using the at least one mechanical property, which has at least one changing state value during the movement of the transmission apparatus, in combination with the motion signal.

This testing system is provided with: an input side control device 5 for controlling an input side dynamometer to eliminate a deviation between a speed command signal w1ref and a speed detected signal w1; and an output side control device 6 for controlling output side dynamometer to eliminate a deviation between a torque command signal Tk1 ref and a torque detected signal Tk1. A control gain of the control device 5 is set such that the real part of a pole of a transfer function (w1/w1 ref) becomes greater toward the negative side than a value obtained by multiplying a resonant frequency by the negative sign, and a control gain of the control device 6 is set such that the real part of a pole of a transfer function (Tk1/Tk1 ref) becomes smaller toward the negative side than the real part of the pole of speed control system closed loop transfer function.

This testing system is provided with: an input side control device 5 for controlling an input side dynamometer to eliminate a deviation between a speed command signal w1ref and a speed detected signal w1; and an output side control device 6 for controlling output side dynamometer to eliminate a deviation between a torque command signal Tk1 ref and a torque detected signal Tk1. A control gain of the control device 5 is set such that the real part of a pole of a transfer function (w1/w1 ref) becomes greater toward the negative side than a value obtained by multiplying a resonant frequency by the negative sign, and a control gain of the control device 6 is set such that the real part of a pole of a transfer function (Tk1/Tk1 ref) becomes smaller toward the negative side than the real part of the pole of speed control system closed loop transfer function.

A system and a method for a torque measurement system for a vehicle having a rotatable member connecting an engine to a torque converter and rotatable about a rotating axis, the torque measurement system including a strain measuring module arranged to measure the strain on the rotatable member; a control module arranged to process the data associated with the strain measurement; and an energy generating module arranged to generate electricity through the movement of the rotatable member, thereby powering the torque measurement system.

A system and a method for a torque measurement system for a vehicle having a rotatable member connecting an engine to a torque converter and rotatable about a rotating axis, the torque measurement system including a strain measuring module arranged to measure the strain on the rotatable member; a control module arranged to process the data associated with the strain measurement; and an energy generating module arranged to generate electricity through the movement of the rotatable member, thereby powering the torque measurement system.

A crank apparatus includes a crank arm having at least one cavity on one of the surfaces of the crank arm, at least one thin material layer embedded within the at least one cavity and having an exposed outer surface, and at least one sensing element attached to the outer surface of the thin material layer. The crank arm is manufactured of a material with non-uniform strain characteristics, the thin material layer is manufactured of a material with uniform strain characteristics, the crank arm is adapted to be deformed by a force, the thin material layer is adapted to be deformed correspondingly with the deformation of the crank arm, the at least one sensing element is adapted to measure the corresponding strain of the thin material layer to measure the force applied on the crank arm. A bicycle and a stationary exercise bicycle equipped with the crank apparatus are further provided.

An input-side control device includes: a feedback controller that generates a first control input signal for eliminating the difference between a model speed signal ωm and a speed detection signal ω by using the signal difference between a higher order torque command signal Tref and an axial torque detection signal Tsh to generate the model speed signal ωm which corresponds to the rotational speed of an inertial body having a set moment of inertia Jset moving under a torque corresponding to the signal difference; a feed-forward controller that generates a second control input signal by multiplying the signal difference by k.Math.Jdy/Jset; and a low-pass filter that generates a torque command signal Tr from a signal obtained by combining the outputs of the controllers and attenuating components at a higher frequency than a cut-off frequency fc set in the vicinity of the resonant frequency.

An input-side control device includes: a feedback controller that generates a first control input signal for eliminating the difference between a model speed signal ωm and a speed detection signal ω by using the signal difference between a higher order torque command signal Tref and an axial torque detection signal Tsh to generate the model speed signal ωm which corresponds to the rotational speed of an inertial body having a set moment of inertia Jset moving under a torque corresponding to the signal difference; a feed-forward controller that generates a second control input signal by multiplying the signal difference by k.Math.Jdy/Jset; and a low-pass filter that generates a torque command signal Tr from a signal obtained by combining the outputs of the controllers and attenuating components at a higher frequency than a cut-off frequency fc set in the vicinity of the resonant frequency.

A bicycle crank arm apparatus comprises a crank arm having a crank axle mounting portion and a pedal mounting portion. A circuit-mounting structure is disposed between the crank axle mounting portion and the pedal mounting portion, wherein the circuit-mounting structure is configured to detachably mount a measurement board. When a measurement board is mounted to the circuit-mounting structure, the resulting combination forms a bicycle input force processing apparatus.