A dynamic system for an observer for estimating the internal effective torque of a torque generator, which can also process unfiltered measurement signals and is capable of mapping vibration effects in the estimated effective torque. An observer is designed with observer matrices and with an unknown input. The observer receives at least one noisy measurement signal of the input vector and/or the output vector. The observer estimates the state vector and the effective torque therefrom as unknown input in that the matrix, which determines the dynamic of the observer error as a difference between the state vector and the estimated state vector. The eigenvalues of this matrix lie in a range f2/5>>5.Math.f1, wherein f1 is the maximum expected change frequency of the at least one measurement signal, and the noise in the at least one measurement signal influences the frequency band which is greater than the frequency f2.

In examples, a system comprises a member to receive a mechanical force, and a sensor to sense the mechanical force. The sensor is mounted on the member using a set of nanoparticles and a set of nanowires coupled to the set of nanoparticles.

In examples, a system comprises a member to receive a mechanical force, and a sensor to sense the mechanical force. The sensor is mounted on the member using a set of nanoparticles and a set of nanowires coupled to the set of nanoparticles.

A top drive for a drill string, and an apparatus and method for calibrating the top drive. The top drive includes a rotationally driven shaft that is rotatably mounted by a bearing arrangement having at least one axial bearing and at least one load measuring cell for measuring an axial load of the at least one axial bearing. A calibration device including a pressure element is placed at an upper end portion of the drive shaft. The pressure element exerts a defined calibration force onto the drive shaft in an axial direction. The at least one load measuring cell measures the axial load and transmits a measured load value to a comparing unit, which compares the measured load value with the defined calibration force to determine a differential value. The differential value is then used to calibrate the at least one load measuring cell.

A device for implementing a high-temperature plane strain compression test on a thermal simulation tester is provided. High-hardness and special-shaped pressure heads are located at the upper and lower ends of a sample; side shim plates and end shim plates with insulation and high pressure resistance are respectively located in grooves in the end faces and the inner sides of high-strength fixed plates, and the combined fixed plates are respectively located on the left and right sides of the sample; and the combined fixed plates are fixed via four through holes of the fixed plates by high-strength bolts, washers and nuts to limit the plane strain problem caused by the deformation of the sample in the normal direction of the fixed plates.

An input-side control device includes: a feedback controller that generates a first control input signal for eliminating the difference between a model speed signal m and a speed detection signal by using the signal difference between a higher order torque command signal Tref and an axial torque detection signal Tsh to generate the model speed signal m which corresponds to the rotational speed of an inertial body having a set moment of inertia Jset moving under a torque corresponding to the signal difference; a feed-forward controller that generates a second control input signal by multiplying the signal difference by k.Math.Jdy/Jset; and a low-pass filter that generates a torque command signal Tr from a signal obtained by combining the outputs of the controllers and attenuating components at a higher frequency than a cut-off frequency fc set in the vicinity of the resonant frequency.

An input-side control device includes: a feedback controller that generates a first control input signal for eliminating the difference between a model speed signal m and a speed detection signal by using the signal difference between a higher order torque command signal Tref and an axial torque detection signal Tsh to generate the model speed signal m which corresponds to the rotational speed of an inertial body having a set moment of inertia Jset moving under a torque corresponding to the signal difference; a feed-forward controller that generates a second control input signal by multiplying the signal difference by k.Math.Jdy/Jset; and a low-pass filter that generates a torque command signal Tr from a signal obtained by combining the outputs of the controllers and attenuating components at a higher frequency than a cut-off frequency fc set in the vicinity of the resonant frequency.

The present invention provides a sensor apparatus including a rotor, a stator disposed outside the rotor, a sensing part configured to measure a magnetic field generated between the rotor and the stator, a housing which accommodates the rotor and the stator, a sensor module disposed in the housing, and a protrusion which protrudes from an outer circumferential surface of the housing and includes a spherical surface in point contact with an external fixing part.

The present invention provides a sensor apparatus including a rotor, a stator disposed outside the rotor, a sensing part configured to measure a magnetic field generated between the rotor and the stator, a housing which accommodates the rotor and the stator, a sensor module disposed in the housing, and a protrusion which protrudes from an outer circumferential surface of the housing and includes a spherical surface in point contact with an external fixing part.

A method of estimating the torque of an axle of a running motor, comprising receiving data indicative of the total electrical active power, P, supplied to the motor, determining the electromechanical power, P.sub.em, supplied to the axle using the data indicative of the total electrical active power, P, receiving data indicative of a rotor speed, n.sub.r, or rotor frequency, f.sub.r, of the axle, determining an angular rotor frequency, .sub.r, of the axle using the data indicative of rotor speed, n.sub.r, or rotor frequency, f.sub.r, of the axle, and determining electromechanical axle torque, T.sub.em, using the determined electromechanical power, P.sub.em, and the determined angular rotor frequency, .sub.r.