A flow rate verification unit that uses the pressure variation value per unit time of a pressure measurement value measured by a pressure gauge and a temperature measurement value measured by a thermometer in a state where a second shut-off valve is closed to calculate the volume between a flow-rate control valve and the second shut-off valve and verifies the flow rates of mass flow controllers one at a time, wherein a first verification side connection part attachably and detachably connected to an integrated gas unit is provided upstream from the pressure gauge and a serially connected verification gas input valve, verification side mass flow controller, and verification side flow rate control valve are provided in parallel with the second shut-off valve.

A method of recovering crude oil from a reservoir by: determining a depletion pressure for providing a lights-depleted crude oil comprising a reduced amount of light ends including methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), or a combination thereof and having a CO.sub.2 multi contact Minimum Miscibility Pressure (CO.sub.2-MMP) below a CO.sub.2-MMP of a native crude oil, wherein the native crude oil is crude oil extracted from the reservoir prior to primary oil recovery therefrom; depleting the pressure of the reservoir from an initial reservoir pressure to the determined depletion pressure, thus providing the lights-depleted crude oil; repressurizing the reservoir to an operating pressure for recovering the lights-depleted crude oil from the reservoir via carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) injection; injecting CO.sub.2 into the reservoir via at least one injection well; and recovering at least a portion of the lights-depleted crude oil from the reservoir via at least one production well.

A measurement device and method for measuring concrete curing. The measurement device includes a closed air-filled chamber, chamber walls defining a closed air-filled chamber space inside the closed air-filled chamber, and a pressure sensor provided inside the air-filed chamber space of the closed air-filled chamber. The chamber walls are arranged air and water vapour permeable allowing air and water vapour flow into the closed air-filled chamber space and out of closed air-filled chamber space.

A measurement device and method for measuring concrete curing. The measurement device includes a closed air-filled chamber, chamber walls defining a closed air-filled chamber space inside the closed air-filled chamber, and a pressure sensor provided inside the air-filed chamber space of the closed air-filled chamber. The chamber walls are arranged air and water vapour permeable allowing air and water vapour flow into the closed air-filled chamber space and out of closed air-filled chamber space.

A system (700) for using a vapor pressure to determine a concentration of a component in a multi-component fluid is provided. The system (700) includes an electronics (710) communicatively coupled to a transducer (720) configured to sense a multi-component fluid. The electronics (710) is configured to determine a first vapor pressure, the first vapor pressure being a vapor pressure of a first component of the multi-component fluid, determine a second vapor pressure, the second vapor pressure being a vapor pressure of a second component of the multi-component fluid, and determine a multi-component vapor pressure, the multi-component vapor pressure being a vapor pressure of the multi-component fluid. The electronics (710) is also configured to determine a concentration of at least one of the first component and the second component based on the multi-component vapor pressure, the first vapor pressure, and the second vapor pressure.

A system (700) for using a vapor pressure to determine a concentration of a component in a multi-component fluid is provided. The system (700) includes an electronics (710) communicatively coupled to a transducer (720) configured to sense a multi-component fluid. The electronics (710) is configured to determine a first vapor pressure, the first vapor pressure being a vapor pressure of a first component of the multi-component fluid, determine a second vapor pressure, the second vapor pressure being a vapor pressure of a second component of the multi-component fluid, and determine a multi-component vapor pressure, the multi-component vapor pressure being a vapor pressure of the multi-component fluid. The electronics (710) is also configured to determine a concentration of at least one of the first component and the second component based on the multi-component vapor pressure, the first vapor pressure, and the second vapor pressure.

A method and an apparatus determine a content of a foreign gas in a process liquid in which a measurement gas, especially CO.sub.2, has been dissolved. A concentration of the measurement gas is ascertained and a concentration of the gas mixture formed by the measurement gas and the foreign gas is ascertained, especially via a manometric measurement method. The measurement values are supplied to an evaluation unit. A concentration of the foreign gas is determined on the basis of the ascertained concentration of the measurement gas and the ascertained concentration of the gas mixture.

A radio frequency sensor system comprising a housing defining a resonant cavity. Radio frequency probe(s) in the cavity transmit and/or receive radio frequency signals. A radio frequency control unit is in communication with the radio frequency probe(s) for determining one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system based on changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals. A machine learning system is in communication with the radio frequency control unit for identifying and developing transfer functions and calibrations based on the changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals and determining the one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system.

A radio frequency sensor system comprising a housing defining a resonant cavity. Radio frequency probe(s) in the cavity transmit and/or receive radio frequency signals. A radio frequency control unit is in communication with the radio frequency probe(s) for determining one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system based on changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals. A machine learning system is in communication with the radio frequency control unit for identifying and developing transfer functions and calibrations based on the changes in the characteristics of the radio frequency signals and determining the one or more states of the radio frequency sensor system.

In a method for measuring the vapor pressure of liquid and solid substances, in which a sample of the substance is arranged in a variable volume of a measuring cell, the measuring cell is gas-tightly closed. The volume of the measuring cell is increased until reaching a measuring volume, and at least one first value of the gas pressure prevailing after the increase in volume is measured. The volume of the measuring cell is additionally reduced until reaching the measuring volume, and at least one second value of the gas pressure prevailing after the reduction of the volume is measured. The vapor pressure is calculated from the at least one first and at least one second measured values.