Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining a property of construction material. According to one aspect, a material property gauge operable to determine a property of construction material is disclosed. The gauge may include an electromagnetic sensor operable to measure a response of construction material to an electromagnetic field. Further, the electromagnetic sensor may be operable to produce a signal representing the measured response by the construction material to the electromagnetic field. An acoustic detector may be operable to detect a response of the construction material to the acoustical energy. Further, the acoustic detector may be operable to produce a signal representing the detected response by the construction material to the acoustical energy. A material property calculation function may be configured to calculate a property value associated with the construction material based upon the signals produced by the electromagnetic sensor and the acoustic detector.

The present specification discloses a covert mobile inspection vehicle with a backscatter X-ray scanning system that has an X-ray source and detectors for obtaining a radiographic image of an object outside the vehicle. The system is configured to also simultaneously detect passive radiation. The systems preferably include at least one sensor for determining a distance from at least one of the detectors to points on the surface of the object being scanned, a processor for processing the obtained radiographic image by using the determined distance of the object to obtain an atomic number of each material contained in the object, and one or more sensors to obtain surveillance data from a predefined area surrounding the vehicle.

The system for determining and imaging wax deposition and corrosion in pipelines relate to systems for determining wax deposition and corrosion by one or both of two techniques. In both techniques, a source of neutron radiation is directed at the pipeline. In one technique, a neutron detector surrounded by an absorption shield defining a collimation window counts neutrons reflected back to the detector by back diffusion or backscatter radiation. In the other technique, a gamma ray detector measures gamma rays emitted when the emitted neutrons are absorbed in the pipeline. A neutron moderator-reflector is placed around three sides of the pipeline to increase the likelihood of neutron capture. A gamma detector surrounded by a gamma absorption shield defining a collimation window counts neutron capture gamma rays. An energy window can be taken for selection of Fe and H gamma rays for high precision imaging.

Embodiments of the present invention disclose a nuclide identification method, a nuclide identification system, and a photoneutron emitter. The photoneutron emitter comprises: a pulsed electron accelerator configured for emitting electrons; and a photoneutron converting target configured to receive the electrons emitted by the pulsed electron accelerator and convert the electrons into photoneutrons. The photoneutron converting target has a volume of about 100 to about 8000 cm.sup.3, of about 100 to about 2500 cm.sup.3, or of about 785 cm.sup.3. These embodiments of the present invention can improve an accuracy of identification of a nuclide, and provide a practical photoneutron emitter, method and system for identifying a nuclide. Especially, these embodiments of the present invention can improve an accuracy of identification of a fissile nuclide such as .sup.233U, .sup.235U, and .sup.239Pu, and provide a practical photoneutron emitter, method and system for identifying a fissile nuclide such as .sup.233U, .sup.235U, and .sup.239Pu.

Provided is a highly accurate method for evaluating the abrasion resistance of rubber compositions. The present disclosure relates to a method for evaluating abrasion resistance of a rubber composition by X-ray scattering measurement or neutron scattering measurement, the method including performing X-ray scattering measurement or neutron scattering measurement in a region q expressed by the following Formula 1 to obtain a scattering intensity curve I.sub.(q), fitting the following Formula 2 to the scattering intensity curve I.sub.(q) to obtain a mass fractal dimension D, and evaluating the abrasion resistance of the rubber composition based on the mass fractal dimension D,

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}q=\frac{4\sin \left(/2\right)}{}& \left(\mathrm{Formula}1\right)\end{array}$$\left(e:\mathrm{scattering}\mathrm{angle},:\mathrm{wavelength}\mathrm{of}x-\mathrm{rays}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{neutrons}\right)$$\begin{array}{cc}{I}_{\left(q\right)}{q}^{-D}& \left(\mathrm{Formula}2\right)\end{array}$$\left(D:\mathrm{mass}\mathrm{fractal}\mathrm{dimension}\right).$

A method and apparatus are provided for determining an isotopic property of a sample mass including placing a sample mass on a solid state detector exposing the solid state detector to a neutron flux. The solid state detector is configured to receive fluorescence damage in response to interaction with a fission product produced from fission of at least a portion of the sample mass. The method also including exposing the solid state detector to a light source, measuring the light emissions of the fluorescence damage, and determining an isotopic property of the sample mass based on the light emissions of the fluorescence damage.

A detector signal processing circuit is composed of a current/voltage converting unit which converts the current value, which is converted by a neutron detector, to a voltage value which corresponds to the current value; a variable gain amplifying unit which includes an operating amplifier, in which a D/A converter is added, and amplifies the voltage value which is converted by the current/voltage converting unit; a regulation control means which regulates a gain of the D/A converter; and a comparator which automatically compares an output voltage, which is amplified by the variable gain amplifying unit, in accordance with a reference value which is previously set, so as to output the output voltage to the regulation control means.

The present specification discloses a covert mobile inspection vehicle with a backscatter X-ray scanning system that has an X-ray source and detectors for obtaining a radiographic image of an object outside the vehicle. The system is configured to also simultaneously detect passive radiation. The systems preferably include at least one sensor for determining a distance from at least one of the detectors to points on the surface of the object being scanned, a processor for processing the obtained radiographic image by using the determined distance of the object to obtain an atomic number of each material contained in the object, and one or more sensors to obtain surveillance data from a predefined area surrounding the vehicle.

A prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) apparatus for measuring prompt gamma rays emitted by irradiating a material to be analyzed with neutrons according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure is a PGNAA apparatus including: a case having a predetermined thickness; a neutron shield disposed inside the case and having a predetermined thickness, with a source space in which a neutron source is disposed and a target space extending on one side of the source space for inserting the target material therein; a gamma-ray measurement passage communicating with the outside by penetrating the neutron shield and the case from the target space; and a gamma meter disposed outside adjacent to the gamma-ray measurement passage to measure prompt gamma rays emitted from the target material.

A local area cosmogenic neutron sensor is used for detecting moisture within a measurement surface. A neutron detector is positioned on a stand structure holding the detector above a measurement surface. A moderator material and neutron shield are positioned around at least a portion of the neutron detector. The neutron shield substantially covers lateral sides and an entirety of a top of the neutron detector and is not positioned on a bottom side of the neutron detector. A second neutron shield is positioned below the neutron detector and in a path of neutron travel between the measurement surface and the neutron detector to substantially block neutrons from reaching the neutron detector.