A window portion has a membrane that separates a space inside a container and a space outside the container, and a structure (glass structure) that is bonded to the membrane to support the membrane. The membrane and the structure are bonded by anodic bonding, and a chemical bonding layer is formed between them. The structure is composed of a grid having a plurality of openings, and an outer frame around the grid. A metal layer may be provided between the membrane and the structure.

A window portion has a membrane that separates a space inside a container and a space outside the container, and a structure (glass structure) that is bonded to the membrane to support the membrane. The membrane and the structure are bonded by anodic bonding, and a chemical bonding layer is formed between them. The structure is composed of a grid having a plurality of openings, and an outer frame around the grid. A metal layer may be provided between the membrane and the structure.

The present disclosure provides a dual mode detection method, controller and system, which relates to the technical field of radiation detection. The dual mode detection method of the present disclosure includes: determining a ratio of neutron to X-ray differential cross sections of an inspected object, according to X-ray object detection data, X-ray object-free detection data, neutron object detection data, and neutron object-free detection data; determining a substance type of the inspected object according to a correspondence between the ratio of neutron to X-ray differential cross sections of the inspected object and the substance type.

A wide area cosmogenic neutron sensor is used for detecting moisture within a measurement surface. A neutron detector is positioned on a stand structure holding the detector above a measurement surface. A moderator material and neutron shield are positioned around at least a portion of the neutron detector. The neutron shield substantially covers an entirety of a bottom of the neutron detector and is not positioned on a top side of the neutron detector. Wide area cosmogenic neutrons propagating from the measurement surface travel through an air space before arriving at the moderated neutron detector.

An advection fog forecasting system and a method thereof are based on the recognition that wireless signal communication is subject to weather conditions. The system and the method involve collecting radio signals in a forecasting region that is likely to be shrouded in fog. Radio signals influenced by fog can show fog attenuation, and different levels of attenuation can be represented by different values of a radio signal strength indicator RSSI. With the variation curve of the radio signal strength indicator RSSI and weather variables, such as the humidity, the wind speed and the rainfall in the forecasting region, forecasting advection fog can be achieved.

Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining a property of construction material. According to one aspect, a material property gauge operable to determine a property of construction material is disclosed. The gauge may include an electromagnetic sensor operable to measure a response of construction material to an electromagnetic field. Further, the electromagnetic sensor may be operable to produce a signal representing the measured response by the construction material to the electromagnetic field. An acoustic detector may be operable to detect a response of the construction material to the acoustical energy. Further, the acoustic detector may be operable to produce a signal representing the detected response by the construction material to the acoustical energy. A material property calculation function may be configured to calculate a property value associated with the construction material based upon the signals produced by the electromagnetic sensor and the acoustic detector.

Methods, systems, and computer program products for determining a property of construction material. According to one aspect, a material property gauge operable to determine a property of construction material is disclosed. The gauge may include an electromagnetic sensor operable to measure a response of construction material to an electromagnetic field. Further, the electromagnetic sensor may be operable to produce a signal representing the measured response by the construction material to the electromagnetic field. An acoustic detector may be operable to detect a response of the construction material to the acoustical energy. Further, the acoustic detector may be operable to produce a signal representing the detected response by the construction material to the acoustical energy. A material property calculation function may be configured to calculate a property value associated with the construction material based upon the signals produced by the electromagnetic sensor and the acoustic detector.

Methods and systems for positioning a specimen and characterizing an x-ray beam incident onto the specimen in a Transmission, Small-Angle X-ray Scatterometry (T-SAXS) metrology system are described herein. A specimen positioning system locates a wafer vertically and actively positions the wafer in six degrees of freedom with respect to the x-ray illumination beam without attenuating the transmitted radiation. In some embodiments, a cylindrically shaped occlusion element is scanned across the illumination beam while the detected intensity of the transmitted flux is measured to precisely locate the beam center. In some other embodiments, a periodic calibration target is employed to precisely locate the beam center. The periodic calibration target includes one or more spatially defined zones having different periodic structures that diffract X-ray illumination light into distinct, measurable diffraction patterns.

A radiation imaging apparatus comprising: an imaging unit configured to capture a radiation image; a generation unit configured to generate each of thinned images of a plurality of radiation images captured by the imaging unit; and a transfer unit configured to wirelessly transfer a plurality of thinned images, wherein the transfer unit transfers each of remaining untransferred images obtained by excluding the thinned images from the radiation images after completion of the transfer of the plurality of thinned images.

A radiation imaging apparatus comprising: an imaging unit configured to capture a radiation image; a generation unit configured to generate each of thinned images of a plurality of radiation images captured by the imaging unit; and a transfer unit configured to wirelessly transfer a plurality of thinned images, wherein the transfer unit transfers each of remaining untransferred images obtained by excluding the thinned images from the radiation images after completion of the transfer of the plurality of thinned images.