A radiation phase change detection method includes: arranging a two-dimensional optical image pickup element, which includes a scintillator, so that, when a period of a self-image generated through a phase grating is defined as D.sub.1, and a pixel pitch of the two-dimensional optical image pickup element is defined as D.sub.2=kD.sub.1, k falls in a range of 1/2<k≦3/2, and so that interference fringes formed by D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 depending on a relationship in arrangement of the two-dimensional optical image pickup element with respect to the self-image have a period of 2 times D.sub.2 or more and 100 times D.sub.2 or less; acquiring images of the interference fringes before and after insertion of an object; and outputting an image on a phase change of the radiation caused by at least the object.

Backscatter imaging systems and methods that involve moving an emitter and a broad spectrum detector in helical motion along a medium being imaged while the emitter emits substantially monochromatic X-rays and/or gamma rays, and the broad spectrum detector acquires intensity measurement of photons backscattered from the medium. The intensity measurements are transformed into three-dimensional image data of the medium corresponding to density variations.

A well-logging tool may include a sonde housing and a radiation generator carried by the sonde housing. The radiation generator may include a generator housing, a target carried by the generator housing, a charged particle source carried by the generator housing to direct charged particles at the target, and at least one voltage source coupled to the charged particle source. The at least one voltage source may include a voltage ladder comprising a plurality of voltage multiplication stages coupled in a uni-polar configuration, and at least one loading coil coupled at at least one intermediate position along the voltage ladder. The well-logging tool may further include at least one radiation detector carried by the sonde housing.

Methods for drift corrected, fast, low dose, adaptive sample imaging with a charged particle microscopy system include scanning a surface region of a sample with a charged particle beam to obtain a first image of the surface region with a first detector modality, and then determining a scan strategy for the surface region. The scan strategy comprises a charged particle beam path, a first beam dwell time associated with at least one region of interest in the first image, the first beam dwell time being sufficient to obtain statistically significant data from a second detector modality, and at least a second beam dwell time associated with other regions of the first image, wherein the first beam dwell time is different than the second beam dwell time. The surface region of the sample is then scanned with the determined scan strategy to obtain data from the first and second detector.

A system is provided for detecting the mass of oil in an inorganic mineral of shale. The system operates by performing an extraction test on a first shale sample by using chloroform to obtain a total content of shale oil in the shale; enriching kerogen from the second shale sample to obtain dry kerogen; and performing an extraction test on oven-dried kerogen by using chloroform to determine the mass of extracted kerogen. The system also operates by determining the mass of the oil in the organic matter of the shale sample and the mass of the oil in an inorganic mineral of the shale; establishing a model for predicting a ratio of the mass of the oil in the inorganic mineral of the shale to the mass of the oil in the organic matter; and using the prediction model to determine the mass of oil in an inorganic mineral.

A system is provided for detecting the mass of oil in an inorganic mineral of shale. The system operates by performing an extraction test on a first shale sample by using chloroform to obtain a total content of shale oil in the shale; enriching kerogen from the second shale sample to obtain dry kerogen; and performing an extraction test on oven-dried kerogen by using chloroform to determine the mass of extracted kerogen. The system also operates by determining the mass of the oil in the organic matter of the shale sample and the mass of the oil in an inorganic mineral of the shale; establishing a model for predicting a ratio of the mass of the oil in the inorganic mineral of the shale to the mass of the oil in the organic matter; and using the prediction model to determine the mass of oil in an inorganic mineral.

A path of a spin-polarized electron beam is split into two by a splitter. A spin direction of the spin-polarized electron beam is rotated by a spin direction rotator disposed on a first path, and delayed by a first delay device. On a second path, the electron beam passes through a sample stage. The spin-polarized electron beams split into the first path and the second path are superposed by a biprism, and its intensity distribution is measured. Coherence is measured from a relation between a spin direction rotation angle, a delay time, and a visibility of an interference fringe.

STA-18, a molecular sieve having a SFW structure and containing phosphorus in the framework, is described. STA-18AP (as prepared) can have a lower alkyl amine, such as trimethylamine, and one of 1,6-(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)hexyl cations (from diDABCO-C6) or 1,7-(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)heptyl cations (from diDABCO-C7) or 1,8-(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)octyl cations (from diDABCO-C8) as SDAs. A lower alkyl ammonium hydroxide, such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, can be used as a pH modifier for making SAPO STA-18. A calcined product, STA-18C, formed from STA-18AP is also described. Methods of preparing STA-18AP, STA-18C and metal containing calcined counterparts of STA-18C are described along with methods of using STA-18C and metal containing calcined counterparts of STA-18C in a variety of processes, such as treating exhaust gases and converting methanol to olefins are described.

STA-18, a molecular sieve having a SFW structure and containing phosphorus in the framework, is described. STA-18AP (as prepared) can have a lower alkyl amine, such as trimethylamine, and one of 1,6-(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)hexyl cations (from diDABCO-C6) or 1,7-(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)heptyl cations (from diDABCO-C7) or 1,8-(1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)octyl cations (from diDABCO-C8) as SDAs. A lower alkyl ammonium hydroxide, such as tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, can be used as a pH modifier for making SAPO STA-18. A calcined product, STA-18C, formed from STA-18AP is also described. Methods of preparing STA-18AP, STA-18C and metal containing calcined counterparts of STA-18C are described along with methods of using STA-18C and metal containing calcined counterparts of STA-18C in a variety of processes, such as treating exhaust gases and converting methanol to olefins are described.

Single X-ray grating differential phase contrast (DPC) X-ray imaging is provided by replacing the conventional X-ray source with a photo-emitter X-ray source array (PeXSA), and by replacing the conventional X-ray detector with a photonic-channeled X-ray detector array (PcXDA). These substitutions allow for the elimination of the G0 and G2 amplitude X-ray gratings used in conventional DPC X-ray imaging. Equivalent spatial patterns are formed optically in the PeXSA and the PcXDA. The result is DPC imaging that only has a single X-ray grating (i.e., the G1 X-ray phase grating).