The present invention relates to a lubricant containing molybdenum sulfide particles, and the molybdenum sulfide particles contain molybdenum disulfide having a 3R crystal structure. The present invention relates to a lubricating composition containing molybdenum sulfide particles, which are the lubricant, and a base oil which is a mineral oil, a synthetic oil, or a partially synthetic oil.

A measured pattern acquisition unit acquires a measured X-ray scattering pattern of a sample containing a target substance and another known mixed substance. A known pattern acquisition unit acquires a known X-ray scattering pattern of the other known mixed substance. A crystalline pattern acquisition unit at least partially acquires an X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystalline portion included in the target substance. A crystalline integrated intensity calculation unit calculates an integrated intensity for the acquired X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystalline portion. A target substance integrated intensity calculation unit calculates an integrated intensity for an X-ray scattering pattern of the target substance. A degree-of-crystallinity calculation unit calculates a degree of crystallinity of the target substance based on the integrated intensity for the X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystalline portion and the integrated intensity for the X-ray scattering pattern of the target substance.

A measured pattern acquisition unit acquires a measured X-ray scattering pattern of a sample containing a target substance and another known mixed substance. A known pattern acquisition unit acquires a known X-ray scattering pattern of the other known mixed substance. A crystalline pattern acquisition unit at least partially acquires an X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystalline portion included in the target substance. A crystalline integrated intensity calculation unit calculates an integrated intensity for the acquired X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystalline portion. A target substance integrated intensity calculation unit calculates an integrated intensity for an X-ray scattering pattern of the target substance. A degree-of-crystallinity calculation unit calculates a degree of crystallinity of the target substance based on the integrated intensity for the X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystalline portion and the integrated intensity for the X-ray scattering pattern of the target substance.

Methods and systems for characterizing dimensions and material properties of semiconductor devices by transmission small angle x-ray scatterometry (TSAXS) systems having relatively small tool footprint are described herein. The methods and systems described herein enable Q space resolution adequate for metrology of semiconductor structures with reduced optical path length. In general, the x-ray beam is focused closer to the wafer surface for relatively small targets and closer to the detector for relatively large targets. In some embodiments, a high resolution detector with small point spread function (PSF) is employed to mitigate detector PSF limits on achievable Q resolution. In some embodiments, the detector locates an incident photon with sub-pixel accuracy by determining the centroid of a cloud of electrons stimulated by the photon conversion event. In some embodiments, the detector resolves one or more x-ray photon energies in addition to location of incidence.

A sample inspection system contains a source of electromagnetic radiation and an apparatus that includes a beam former, a collimator and an energy resolving detector. The beam former is adapted to receive electromagnetic radiation from the source to provide a polygonal shell beam formed of at least three walls of electromagnetic radiation. The collimator has a plurality of channels adapted to receive diffracted or scattered radiation at an angle. The energy resolving detector is arranged to detect radiation diffracted or scattered by a sample upon incidence of the polygonal shell beam onto the sample and transmitted by the collimator.

A sample inspection system contains a source of electromagnetic radiation and an apparatus that includes a beam former, a collimator and an energy resolving detector. The beam former is adapted to receive electromagnetic radiation from the source to provide a polygonal shell beam formed of at least three walls of electromagnetic radiation. The collimator has a plurality of channels adapted to receive diffracted or scattered radiation at an angle. The energy resolving detector is arranged to detect radiation diffracted or scattered by a sample upon incidence of the polygonal shell beam onto the sample and transmitted by the collimator.

A method is described for determining the structure of a surfactant complex formed at an immiscible liquid-liquid interface. The surfactant complex forms and crystallizes at the interface between an aqueous phase comprising a divalent metal salt and a non-aqueous phase comprising an anionic surfactant. The non-aqueous phase may be in the form of a droplet surrounded by the aqueous phase. The structure of the surfactant complex is determined by X-ray crystallography.

A method is described for determining the structure of a surfactant complex formed at an immiscible liquid-liquid interface. The surfactant complex forms and crystallizes at the interface between an aqueous phase comprising a divalent metal salt and a non-aqueous phase comprising an anionic surfactant. The non-aqueous phase may be in the form of a droplet surrounded by the aqueous phase. The structure of the surfactant complex is determined by X-ray crystallography.

An x-ray microscopy method that obtains a classification of different particles by distinguishing between different material phases through a combination of image processing involving morphological edge enhancement and possibly resolved absorption contrast differences between the phases along with optional wavelet filtering.

An x-ray microscopy method that obtains a classification of different particles by distinguishing between different material phases through a combination of image processing involving morphological edge enhancement and possibly resolved absorption contrast differences between the phases along with optional wavelet filtering.