The material structure prediction apparatus includes a temperature calculator calculating temperatures at calculation points, based on a temperature condition, a nucleation count calculator calculating a nucleation count in the calculation target region, a precipitated phase generation point determining module determining, from the calculation points, a precipitated phase generation point, a grain growth calculator calculating a grain growth of the precipitated phase at the precipitated phase generation point, and a material structure prediction module predicting the structure of the material, based on the grain growth of the precipitated phase.

The invention pertains to a method for respectively determining the neutral temperature or the stressfree state in a rail section (1), wherein an ultrasonic signal is coupled into a representative volume of the rail profile perpendicular to its longitudinal direction, wherein the volume is subjected to stresses in the longitudinal direction of the rail section (1), wherein the stresses are measured, wherein an ultrasonic signal influenced by these stresses is decoupled, wherein a function describing the functional dependence of the decoupled ultrasonic signal on the introduced stress is determined, and wherein the stressfree state is determined based on the course of this function.

The invention pertains to a method for respectively determining the neutral temperature or the stressfree state in a rail section (1), wherein an ultrasonic signal is coupled into a representative volume of the rail profile perpendicular to its longitudinal direction, wherein the volume is subjected to stresses in the longitudinal direction of the rail section (1), wherein the stresses are measured, wherein an ultrasonic signal influenced by these stresses is decoupled, wherein a function describing the functional dependence of the decoupled ultrasonic signal on the introduced stress is determined, and wherein the stressfree state is determined based on the course of this function.

Described embodiments include a culture incubator, method, and sensor circuit. A culture incubator includes an accessible incubation compartment configured to contain a culture item at a specified incubation temperature; a phase change material having a phase transition temperature over the specified incubation temperature; and a heat transfer element in thermal communication with the phase change material and configured to transfer heat to the phase change material. A sensor circuit is configured to acquire data indicative of a phase composition state of the phase change material. A manager circuit is configured to determine a difference between the phase composition state and a target phase composition state for the phase change material. A controller circuit is configured to transfer heat to the phase change material in an amount estimated to change the phase composition state of the phase change material to the target phase composition state.

The disclosure provides a method for measuring the transverse thermal conductivity of a thin film. The method comprises the steps of measuring the longitudinal thermal conductivity of a thin film to be measured by using a 3ω method and by taking a second metal strip deposited on the surface of the thin film to be measured as a heating source at first; measuring the temperature rise of the thin film to be measured in the longitudinal direction by using the 3ω method, and deducing the thermal power of the thin film to be measured in the longitudinal direction; and finally, calculating the transverse thermal conductivity of the thin film to be measured. By adopting a ‘substrate/thin film to be measured/metal strip’ sample structure, the process difficulty of preparing a suspension structure sample can be effectively avoided.

The disclosure provides a method for measuring the transverse thermal conductivity of a thin film. The method comprises the steps of measuring the longitudinal thermal conductivity of a thin film to be measured by using a 3ω method and by taking a second metal strip deposited on the surface of the thin film to be measured as a heating source at first; measuring the temperature rise of the thin film to be measured in the longitudinal direction by using the 3ω method, and deducing the thermal power of the thin film to be measured in the longitudinal direction; and finally, calculating the transverse thermal conductivity of the thin film to be measured. By adopting a ‘substrate/thin film to be measured/metal strip’ sample structure, the process difficulty of preparing a suspension structure sample can be effectively avoided.

An arrangement for closing a container, in particular a flask, for determining evaporation properties of a liquid in the flask according to at least one standardized test. The arrangement has at least one temperature measurement system, a sensor, a closing element adapted for contacting a surface of an opening in the container for closing the container and having a through-opening through which a portion of the temperature measurement sensor is guided such that a lower end of the sensor is arranged within the container. The arrangement further includes a mechanism for adjusting a position of the lower end of the sensor along a longitudinal direction of the temperature measurement sensor.

Provided are a method of and a device for measuring a glass transition temperature and a degree of crystallinity of a polymer. According to the measurement method and the device of one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a glass transition temperature and a degree of crystallinity may be measured easily, rapidly, and accurately in a field other than a laboratory, and fast and accurate conversion is possible for various measurement conditions such as temperature, frequency, etc.

Methods for performing seal validation with a chemical pre-treatment are provided. One such method includes establishing an Arrhenius relationship between a material property response of a material exposed to a test fluid based on experimental results of testing a plurality of material samples made of the material across multiple temperatures. The method also includes determining, based on the Arrhenius relationship, a pre-treatment time and a pre-treatment temperature that approximates a seal end-of-life condition. The method further includes pre-treating a seal by exposing the seal to the test fluid at the determined pre-treatment temperature for the determined pre-treatment time, the seal having at least in part a same material composition as the plurality of material samples, and after pre-treating the seal, performing one or more validation tests on the pre-treated seal.

The present disclosure an improved apparatus for fast pyrolysis and methods associated with the apparatus. For instance, the present disclosure provides methods for analyzing intermediate products formed via a fast pyrolysis reaction utilizing one or more pulses of pyrolysis vapor through a valve in the apparatus. The described methods provide improved identification of products formed in the fast pyrolysis reaction by using millisecond time resolution for qualitative and/or quantitative analysis.