The hardness of a rail after the rail having a temperature equal to or higher than an austenite region temperature is forcibly cooled in a cooling facility is predicted. A plurality of sets of data for learning composed of a cooling condition data set and output data of hardness are acquired using a model that performs computing by using a cooling condition data set having at least a surface temperature of the rail before the start of cooling and the operating conditions of the cooling facility as input data and the hardness inside the rail after the forced cooling as output data.

The hardness of a rail after the rail having a temperature equal to or higher than an austenite region temperature is forcibly cooled in a cooling facility is predicted. A plurality of sets of data for learning composed of a cooling condition data set and output data of hardness are acquired using a model that performs computing by using a cooling condition data set having at least a surface temperature of the rail before the start of cooling and the operating conditions of the cooling facility as input data and the hardness inside the rail after the forced cooling as output data.

A gas sensor for detecting a physical and/or chemical value of an analysis gas, a corresponding manufacturing method, and operating method. The gas sensor is based on the principle of a thermal conductivity measurement with the aid of a sensor structure including a double meander structure made up of two resistor lines, as part of a Wheatstone bridge circuit, on a diaphragm of a substrate. The two resistor lines are energized in opposite directions as a function of the detected temperature. The physical and/or chemical value(s) of the analysis gas are/is subsequently determined as a function of the voltages detected at the double meander structure.

A gas sensor for detecting a physical and/or chemical value of an analysis gas, a corresponding manufacturing method, and operating method. The gas sensor is based on the principle of a thermal conductivity measurement with the aid of a sensor structure including a double meander structure made up of two resistor lines, as part of a Wheatstone bridge circuit, on a diaphragm of a substrate. The two resistor lines are energized in opposite directions as a function of the detected temperature. The physical and/or chemical value(s) of the analysis gas are/is subsequently determined as a function of the voltages detected at the double meander structure.

According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a detector. The detector includes a first resistance member, a second resistance member, a third resistance member, and a conductive member. A position of the third resistance member in a first direction from the first resistance member to the second resistance member is between a position of the first resistance member in the first direction and a position of the second resistance member in the first direction. A second direction from the conductive member to the third resistance member crosses the first direction. A third electrical resistance of the third resistance member is configured to change depending on a target substance around the detector.

According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a detector. The detector includes a first resistance member, a second resistance member, a third resistance member, and a conductive member. A position of the third resistance member in a first direction from the first resistance member to the second resistance member is between a position of the first resistance member in the first direction and a position of the second resistance member in the first direction. A second direction from the conductive member to the third resistance member crosses the first direction. A third electrical resistance of the third resistance member is configured to change depending on a target substance around the detector.

Methods for determining phase fractions of a downhole fluid via thermal properties of the fluids are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes measuring a temperature of a fluid flowing through a completion string downhole in a well and heating a resistive element of a thermal detector at a position along the completion string downhole in the well by applying power to the resistive element such that heat from the resistive element is transmitted to the fluid flowing by the position. The method also includes determining, via the thermal detector, a flow velocity of the fluid through the completion string and multiple thermal properties of the fluid, and using the determined flow velocity and the multiple thermal properties to determine phase fractions of the fluid. Additional systems, devices, and methods are also disclosed.

Methods for determining phase fractions of a downhole fluid via thermal properties of the fluids are provided. In one embodiment, a method includes measuring a temperature of a fluid flowing through a completion string downhole in a well and heating a resistive element of a thermal detector at a position along the completion string downhole in the well by applying power to the resistive element such that heat from the resistive element is transmitted to the fluid flowing by the position. The method also includes determining, via the thermal detector, a flow velocity of the fluid through the completion string and multiple thermal properties of the fluid, and using the determined flow velocity and the multiple thermal properties to determine phase fractions of the fluid. Additional systems, devices, and methods are also disclosed.

A method and a calorimeter system for reducing error in a measured sample heat flow rate due to interpan heat exchange are described. The method includes sensing a heat flow rate to or from a sample container placed on a sample calorimeter unit in a single sample differential scanning calorimeter sensor and sensing a reference heat flow rate to or from a reference container placed on a reference calorimeter unit of the single sample differential scanning calorimeter sensor. The temperature of the sample container and the temperature of the reference container are also sensed. An interpan heat exchange between the sample container and the reference container is determined. A sample heat flow rate having reduced error is determined based on the sensed heat flow rate from the sample container and the determined interpan heat exchange rate.

A method and a calorimeter system for reducing error in a measured sample heat flow rate due to interpan heat exchange are described. The method includes sensing a heat flow rate to or from a sample container placed on a sample calorimeter unit in a single sample differential scanning calorimeter sensor and sensing a reference heat flow rate to or from a reference container placed on a reference calorimeter unit of the single sample differential scanning calorimeter sensor. The temperature of the sample container and the temperature of the reference container are also sensed. An interpan heat exchange between the sample container and the reference container is determined. A sample heat flow rate having reduced error is determined based on the sensed heat flow rate from the sample container and the determined interpan heat exchange rate.