A system and method for monitoring environmental state that includes a structure element with a base substrate and at least one reflector element integrated to the base substrate, wherein the reflector element is physically configured with at least one response signature that is discretely expressed based on an substance induced environmental condition of the reflector element; and a remote monitor device comprising a transmitter and receiver unit and a controller, wherein the monitor device is configured to interrogate the structure element; detect a response signature corresponding to at least the one reflector element; and map the response signature to a corresponding substance induced environmental condition.

Circuitry for measuring a characteristic of an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising at least one working electrode and a counter electrode, the circuitry comprising: driver circuitry configured to apply a working bias voltage to the at least one working electrode and a counter bias voltage at the counter electrode to produce a first voltage bias between the at least one working electrode and the counter electrode; control circuitry configured to adjust the first voltage bias over a first bias range by varying the working bias voltage and the counter bias voltage.

Circuitry for measuring a characteristic of an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising at least one working electrode and a counter electrode, the circuitry comprising: driver circuitry configured to apply a working bias voltage to the at least one working electrode and a counter bias voltage at the counter electrode to produce a first voltage bias between the at least one working electrode and the counter electrode; control circuitry configured to adjust the first voltage bias over a first bias range by varying the working bias voltage and the counter bias voltage.

A test device may include a test memory device, an insulation layer and a charge injection electrode. The test memory device may include a memory layer and a gate electrode layer on a semiconductor substrate. The insulation layer may be arranged on the test memory device. The charge injection electrode may be arranged on the insulation layer to inject a charge into the test memory device based on a voltage.

A fuel detection film includes a cyclic olefin copolymer that is insoluble in acyclic saturated hydrocarbons. The fuel detection film has a porous structure that defines a plurality of pores. The plurality of pores are configured to allow flow of a lubrication oil through the fuel detection film via the plurality of pores. A housing is configured to couple to a pipe flowing the lubrication oil. The housing defines a slot. The slot is configured to hold the fuel detection film. The fuel detection film, while held by the slot of the housing that is coupled to the pipe as the lubrication oil flows in the pipe, is configured to at least partially dissolve in a presence of an aromatic hydrocarbon in the lubrication oil flowing through the fuel detection film.

A triboelectric nanogenerator includes first and second stacks and an electricity meter. The first stack includes a first conductive layer and an amino acid layer. The second stack is disposed over the first stack and includes a negative friction layer and a second conductive layer disposed on the negative friction layer. The electricity meter is electrically connected to the first and second conductive layers. Another triboelectric nanogenerator includes an encapsulation container, a filler, an electrode, a wire, and an electricity meter. The encapsulation container has an accommodating space and a friction layer. The filler is contained in the accommodating space. The filler includes water, an electrolyte, or a liquid metal. The electrode penetrates through the encapsulation container and contacts the filler. The wire is electrically connected to the electrode and has a grounded end. The electricity meter is disposed on the wire.