Certain aspects of the technology disclosed herein include an apparatus and method for programming a crystal lattice structure of a nanoparticle. A particle programming apparatus can include an input channel connected a particle sampling system. The particle sampling system can direct freshly milled nanoparticles to the particle programming apparatus if the nanoparticles are determined to be below a threshold size. The particle programming apparatus can include one or more programming devices configured to alter a crystal lattice of the received nanoparticles including an ultrasonic sound generator, a magnetic pulse generator, and a voltage generator. The one or more programming devices applies any of a sound, magnetic pulse, and voltage to the received nanoparticles within a time threshold of receiving the nanoparticles from the mill core.

Methods, systems, and devices are disclosed for studying physical or chemical properties of molecules, and/or interactions between molecules such as protein-ligand interactions. The methods, systems, and devices involve transient induced molecular electronic spectroscopy (TIMES). In some configuration, a microfluidic channel having at least one inlet and at least one outlet is used for holding molecules for analyzing the molecules or interactions between molecules.

A chemical sensor system includes a chemical sensor including a sensor element and a probe molecule located on a surface of the sensor element; a collection unit for a sample atmosphere; a humidification device configured to generate a humidification fluid having a humidity higher than a humidity of the sample atmosphere; a switching mechanism connected to the collection unit, the humidification device, and the chemical sensor, the switching mechanism configured to switch between a state in which the sample atmosphere is supplied to the surface of the sensor element and a state in which the humidification fluid is supplied to the surface of the sensor element; and a cooling mechanism configured to cool the sensor element.

Methods and systems are disclosed for dynamically creating and annihilating subsurface electric dipoles having variable strength and variable alignment. The ability of various embodiments to create, annihilate, and control subsurface dipoles may be a useful technology for wide variety of applications including the nondestructive testing of materials and structures, for generating and receiving directed and omni-directional variable amplitude and frequency transmission waves without the need for conductive antennas, for phonon to electromagnetic power conversion, for materials and manufacturing process control, atomic and nanoparticle alignment, and for control and utilization as medical therapies.

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method and an apparatus for determining an electric polarization of a solid system, an electronic device, a computer-readable storage medium, and a computer program product. The method includes: determining a wave function of the solid system by inputting electron coordinates of a periodic unit of the solid system into a neural network and by minimizing an objective function, where the objective function is determined based on an enthalpy in the presence of an electric field; and determining an electric polarizability of the solid system based on the wave function of the solid system.

A disclosed chemical detection system for detecting a target material, such as an explosive material, can include a cantilevered probe, a probe heater coupled to the cantilevered probe, and a piezoelectric element disposed on the cantilevered probe. The piezoelectric element can be configured as a detector and/or an actuator. Detection can include, for example, detecting a movement of the cantilevered probe or a property of the cantilevered probe. The movement or a change in the property of the cantilevered probe can occur, for example, by adsorption of the target material, desorption of the target material, reaction of the target material and/or phase change of the target material. Examples of detectable movements and properties include temperature shifts, impedance shifts, and resonant frequency shifts of the cantilevered probe. The overall chemical detection system can be incorporated, for example, into a handheld explosive material detection system.

A disclosed chemical detection system for detecting a target material, such as an explosive material, can include a cantilevered probe, a probe heater coupled to the cantilevered probe, and a piezoelectric element disposed on the cantilevered probe. The piezoelectric element can be configured as a detector and/or an actuator. Detection can include, for example, detecting a movement of the cantilevered probe or a property of the cantilevered probe. The movement or a change in the property of the cantilevered probe can occur, for example, by adsorption of the target material, desorption of the target material, reaction of the target material and/or phase change of the target material. Examples of detectable movements and properties include temperature shifts, impedance shifts, and resonant frequency shifts of the cantilevered probe. The overall chemical detection system can be incorporated, for example, into a handheld explosive material detection system.