This productivity evaluation method is for evaluating productivity of a chemical substance in a process comprising a first step of obtaining gas from a waste material and a second step of synthesizing a chemical substance from the gas obtained in the first step in the presence of a catalyst, said method including: a first carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the waste material, a second carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the chemical substance produced in said process, and a productivity evaluation stage of evaluating the productivity of the chemical substance based on values of the mass of carbon which are calculated in the first carbon mass calculation stage and the second carbon mass calculation stage.

This productivity evaluation method is for evaluating productivity of a chemical substance in a process comprising a first step of obtaining gas from a waste material and a second step of synthesizing a chemical substance from the gas obtained in the first step in the presence of a catalyst, said method including: a first carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the waste material, a second carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the chemical substance produced in said process, and a productivity evaluation stage of evaluating the productivity of the chemical substance based on values of the mass of carbon which are calculated in the first carbon mass calculation stage and the second carbon mass calculation stage.

The invention relates to a flow element for transferring fluids comprising a capillary cartridge (1) having an integrated capillary line (3). The capillary cartridge according to the invention (1) has a ring-shaped channel (8) and securing grooves (6, 6), wherein the flow element is characterized in that the capillary line (3) is arranged in the ring-shaped channel (8). The ends of the capillary lines (3) are connected to connection elements (9) in which securing grooves (6, 6) are secured in a positive locking manner. The flow elements according to the invention contribute toward improved manageability and effectiveness of components. In a preferred embodiment, the flow elements are used as a distribution system in the form of a plurality of capillary cartridges (1-1, 1-2, . . . ). Such distribution systems are of technical importance in the field of catalyst testing apparatuses with reactors arranged in parallel.

The invention relates to a flow element for transferring fluids comprising a capillary cartridge (1) having an integrated capillary line (3). The capillary cartridge according to the invention (1) has a ring-shaped channel (8) and securing grooves (6, 6), wherein the flow element is characterized in that the capillary line (3) is arranged in the ring-shaped channel (8). The ends of the capillary lines (3) are connected to connection elements (9) in which securing grooves (6, 6) are secured in a positive locking manner. The flow elements according to the invention contribute toward improved manageability and effectiveness of components. In a preferred embodiment, the flow elements are used as a distribution system in the form of a plurality of capillary cartridges (1-1, 1-2, . . . ). Such distribution systems are of technical importance in the field of catalyst testing apparatuses with reactors arranged in parallel.

A combustible gas sensor including a first sensing element having a catalyst and a heating element and electronic circuitry in operative connection with the heating element of the first sensing element to change a temperature thereof between a temperature above a temperature to catalyze oxidative combustion and a temperature at which the catalyst is substantially inactive to catalyze oxidative combustion of a plurality of gas analytes of interest. The electronic circuitry being configured to determine a species of at least one of the plurality of gas analytes of interest from a first, dynamic output of the combustible gas sensor while the temperature of the first sensing element is changing. The electronic circuitry further being configured to determine a concentration of the species from a second output of the combustible gas sensor.

A combustible gas sensor including a first sensing element having a catalyst and a heating element and electronic circuitry in operative connection with the heating element of the first sensing element to change a temperature thereof between a temperature above a temperature to catalyze oxidative combustion and a temperature at which the catalyst is substantially inactive to catalyze oxidative combustion of a plurality of gas analytes of interest. The electronic circuitry being configured to determine a species of at least one of the plurality of gas analytes of interest from a first, dynamic output of the combustible gas sensor while the temperature of the first sensing element is changing. The electronic circuitry further being configured to determine a concentration of the species from a second output of the combustible gas sensor.

An exhaust purification system includes a NOx-occlusion-reduction-type catalyst that occludes NOx in exhaust in a lean state and reduces and purifies the occluded NOx in exhaust in a rich state, and a NOx purge rich control unit that executes NOx purge of reducing and purifying the occluded NOx by putting the exhaust into the rich state by fuel injection control, where a catalyst temperature of the NOx-occlusion-reduction-type catalyst is equal to or higher than a catalyst temperature threshold value and a NOx occlusion amount of the NOx-occlusion-reduction-type catalyst is equal to or higher than an NOx occlusion amount threshold value, and executes the NOx purge when the catalyst temperature is lower than a catalyst temperature threshold value.

This productivity evaluation method is for evaluating productivity of a chemical substance in a process comprising a first step of obtaining gas from a waste material and a second step of synthesizing a chemical substance from the gas obtained in the first step in the presence of a catalyst, said method including: a first carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the waste material, a second carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the chemical substance produced in said process, and a productivity evaluation stage of evaluating the productivity of the chemical substance based on values of the mass of carbon which are calculated in the first carbon mass calculation stage and the second carbon mass calculation stage.

This productivity evaluation method is for evaluating productivity of a chemical substance in a process comprising a first step of obtaining gas from a waste material and a second step of synthesizing a chemical substance from the gas obtained in the first step in the presence of a catalyst, said method including: a first carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the waste material, a second carbon mass calculation stage of calculating mass of carbon contained in the chemical substance produced in said process, and a productivity evaluation stage of evaluating the productivity of the chemical substance based on values of the mass of carbon which are calculated in the first carbon mass calculation stage and the second carbon mass calculation stage.

Disclosed herein is an apparatus and a method for catalytic conversion of chemical substances in the presence of pulverulent catalysts in a trickle bed reactor with residence times in the range of 0.1-10 seconds, wherein the apparatus includes a trickle bed reactor (2), the inlet side of which is functionally connected to a catalyst reservoir vessel (1) and a reactant feed, and the outlet side of which is functionally connected to a separator (3). The separator (3) has an exit conduit for leading off product stream, wherein the apparatus has the characteristic feature that the exit conduit disposed on the separator (3) for leading off product stream has a continuously acting valve connected via a controller to a pressure measurement sensor, wherein the continuously acting valve and the pressure measurement sensor form a pressure control circuit with a controller.