Provided is a system comprising a device that performs one or more reactions to liquid or supercritical fluid chromatograph effluents and produces molecules that are subsequently detected by a suitable detector. This allows for one to practice a method for the detection and quantification of organic molecules from a liquid chromatograph for the purpose of increasing detection limits and allowing for the universal detection of organic molecules. The linear dynamic range and molecular response are greater than those previously available.

Systems and methods for assessing FCC catalysts are provided, in particular FCC catalysts obtained from an operational FCC unit. The operator may test the FCC catalysts under real time conditions, enabling reductions in the amount of time necessary to assess the viability of the FCC catalyst from the operational FCC unit under different conditions, for different feeds, and/or with additional/different catalyst additives, resulting vast reductions in the cost of this aspect of FCC operations.

Systems and methods for assessing FCC catalysts are provided, in particular FCC catalysts obtained from an operational FCC unit. The operator may test the FCC catalysts under real time conditions, enabling reductions in the amount of time necessary to assess the viability of the FCC catalyst from the operational FCC unit under different conditions, for different feeds, and/or with additional/different catalyst additives, resulting vast reductions in the cost of this aspect of FCC operations.

Disclosed are a zero-power detecting sensor of a chemical substance and a sensing method. As light is irradiated to the detecting sensor including a graphene, a light absorbing layer, and an electrode stacked, the chemical substance is detected without power.

Disclosed are a zero-power detecting sensor of a chemical substance and a sensing method. As light is irradiated to the detecting sensor including a graphene, a light absorbing layer, and an electrode stacked, the chemical substance is detected without power.

A combustible gas sensor including a first sensing element having a catalyst and a heating element and electronic circuitry in operative connection with the heating element of the first sensing element to change a temperature thereof between a temperature above a temperature to catalyze oxidative combustion and a temperature at which the catalyst is substantially inactive to catalyze oxidative combustion of a plurality of gas analytes of interest. The electronic circuitry being configured to determine a species of at least one of the plurality of gas analytes of interest from a first, dynamic output of the combustible gas sensor while the temperature of the first sensing element is changing. The electronic circuitry further being configured to determine a concentration of the species from a second output of the combustible gas sensor.

A combustible gas sensor including a first sensing element having a catalyst and a heating element and electronic circuitry in operative connection with the heating element of the first sensing element to change a temperature thereof between a temperature above a temperature to catalyze oxidative combustion and a temperature at which the catalyst is substantially inactive to catalyze oxidative combustion of a plurality of gas analytes of interest. The electronic circuitry being configured to determine a species of at least one of the plurality of gas analytes of interest from a first, dynamic output of the combustible gas sensor while the temperature of the first sensing element is changing. The electronic circuitry further being configured to determine a concentration of the species from a second output of the combustible gas sensor.

An apparatus suitable for investigating solid catalysts and processes in which discontinuous fluid streams arise, the apparatus including: a reactant fluid supply point; a reaction space; at least one fluid mixing space; at least one throttle element; at least one pressure control valve; and at least one analyzer. An outlet side of the reaction space is operatively connected to the fluid mixing space via a connecting line and a substream line. The fluid mixing space is connected to the throttle element. The throttle element is operatively connected to the analyzer and an outlet line. The connecting line is operatively connected to the pressure control valve and an exit air line. The pressure control valve is arranged either downstream or upstream of the substream line. When the pressure control valve is upstream of the substream line, the outlet line is provided with a second pressure control valve and a pump.

An apparatus suitable for investigating solid catalysts and processes in which discontinuous fluid streams arise, the apparatus including: a reactant fluid supply point; a reaction space; at least one fluid mixing space; at least one throttle element; at least one pressure control valve; and at least one analyzer. An outlet side of the reaction space is operatively connected to the fluid mixing space via a connecting line and a substream line. The fluid mixing space is connected to the throttle element. The throttle element is operatively connected to the analyzer and an outlet line. The connecting line is operatively connected to the pressure control valve and an exit air line. The pressure control valve is arranged either downstream or upstream of the substream line. When the pressure control valve is upstream of the substream line, the outlet line is provided with a second pressure control valve and a pump.

A method for determining a state of a hydrogen carrier material comprises using the hydrogen carrier material in a cyclic storage process, wherein each storage cycle comprises charging the hydrogen carrier material with hydrogen, releasing hydrogen from the hydrogen carrier material and producing a mixture by adding a defined amount of an indicator material to the hydrogen carrier material. Further, determining a proportion of the indicator material in the mixture and determining a number of storage cycles for the hydrogen carrier material on the basis of the determined proportion of the indicator material and/or a degradation of the hydrogen carrier material on the basis of the determined proportion of the indicator material as a state of the hydrogen carrier material are provided.