Various techniques are provided to determine the presence of trace chemicals corresponding to various materials of interest. In one example, a method includes receiving a vapor-phase nitric acid precursor. The vapor-phase nitric acid precursor is subsequently hydrolyzed in the presence of an acid catalyst to form nitric acid. The nitric acid is then received at a chemical reporter of a chemical detector. A response of the chemical reporter to the nitric acid is detected by the chemical reporter to determine whether materials of interest are present. Additional methods and related devices are also provided.

Various techniques are provided to determine the presence of trace chemicals corresponding to various materials of interest. In one example, a method includes receiving a vapor-phase nitric acid precursor. The vapor-phase nitric acid precursor is subsequently hydrolyzed in the presence of an acid catalyst to form nitric acid. The nitric acid is then received at a chemical reporter of a chemical detector. A response of the chemical reporter to the nitric acid is detected by the chemical reporter to determine whether materials of interest are present. Additional methods and related devices are also provided.

A hydrogen sensor and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The hydrogen sensor includes a metal oxide layer formed over a substrate, and a catalytic pattern that is formed over the metal oxide layer. Further, a protective layer is formed over the catalytic pattern.

A hydrogen sensor and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The hydrogen sensor includes a metal oxide layer formed over a substrate, and a catalytic pattern that is formed over the metal oxide layer. Further, a protective layer is formed over the catalytic pattern.

Methods and devices for directly measuring the degree of saturation or degree of deactivation of an adsorbent and/or catalytic bed are described herein. The devices contain an inlet, an outlet, a catalytic and/or adsorbent bed, and optionally a support bed for supporting the catalytic and/or adsorbent bed. The devices further contain one or more structures attached to the reactor that allow for insertion of one or more sensors into the reactor. The sensor is used to spectroscopically interrogate the adsorbent and/or catalyst in situ, providing real-time information regarding adsorbant saturation and/or catalyst deactivation. The devices and methods described herein can be used to determine the saturation degree of adsorbent materials or catalyst beds that are involved in gas-liquid and liquid-liquid heterogeneous systems, such as those used in scrubbing and extraction.

Methods and devices for directly measuring the degree of saturation or degree of deactivation of an adsorbent and/or catalytic bed are described herein. The devices contain an inlet, an outlet, a catalytic and/or adsorbent bed, and optionally a support bed for supporting the catalytic and/or adsorbent bed. The devices further contain one or more structures attached to the reactor that allow for insertion of one or more sensors into the reactor. The sensor is used to spectroscopically interrogate the adsorbent and/or catalyst in situ, providing real-time information regarding adsorbant saturation and/or catalyst deactivation. The devices and methods described herein can be used to determine the saturation degree of adsorbent materials or catalyst beds that are involved in gas-liquid and liquid-liquid heterogeneous systems, such as those used in scrubbing and extraction.

Provided is a chemical sensor which includes an alignment frame that has an opening that passes through the inside of the alignment frame and includes first and second side portions that face each other with the opening therebetween and insulation portions disposed between the first and second side portions, a plurality of sensing fibers disposed in two-dimensions across the opening of the alignment frame so as to connect the first side portion and the second side portion, and a source pattern and a drain pattern connected to the first side portion and the second side portion of the alignment frame, respectively.

Provided is a chemical sensor which includes an alignment frame that has an opening that passes through the inside of the alignment frame and includes first and second side portions that face each other with the opening therebetween and insulation portions disposed between the first and second side portions, a plurality of sensing fibers disposed in two-dimensions across the opening of the alignment frame so as to connect the first side portion and the second side portion, and a source pattern and a drain pattern connected to the first side portion and the second side portion of the alignment frame, respectively.

The present invention is directed to analytical methods for determining the concentration, and/or stereoisomeric excess, and/or absolute configuration of chiral analytes in a sample.

The present invention is directed to analytical methods for determining the concentration, and/or stereoisomeric excess, and/or absolute configuration of chiral analytes in a sample.