The present disclosure relates to a measuring cell for carrying out chemical analyses, having a vessel, in which at least one liquid to be analyzed is located; a heating wire, which is guided at least partially around an outer wall of the vessel, so that the liquid inside the vessel can be heated in a uniform and controlled manner; and a first temperature sensor, which determines and/or monitors a first temperature of the liquid. The measuring cell furthermore comprises a magnetic stirrer with a stir bar and a cover for closing the vessel, wherein the cover has a plurality of ducts, wherein at least one first duct is provided for at least one first analysis sensor, which determines and/or monitors at least one chemical and/or physical variable of the liquid of the vessel and wherein at least one second duct is provided for a liquid line.

An apparatus and a method for determination of fluid-specific parameters and/or components of a sample uses a titration unit, an indicator, a reagent, and a measurement chamber. The apparatus has an RGB camera arranged outside of the measurement chamber, wherein the data recorded by this RGB camera can be transmitted to a computer unit and the image data transmitted to the computer unit in this connection can be compared using this computer unit with a reference database, preferably including an image and color database, and evaluated, so that action instructions can be output automatically, preferably by way of a speech module. In this way, fluid-specific parameters and/or components of a sample can be determined in automated manner, and action instructions can be output or carried out automatically.

The disclosure provides methods, including automated methods, to detect levels of polyanions such as polyvinyl sulfonates in fluids such as buffers by complexometric or titration-based techniques. Such polyanionic compounds have been shown to inhibit enzymes involved in PCR that confounds efforts to monitor the purity of proteins obtained from cell culture, such as biologies and biosimilars.

A titration apparatus includes a titration measuring cell with a titration vessel, a valve device, and a first pump for sucking liquid through a first fluid line into a temporary storage container and transporting it via a second fluid line into the titration vessel. The temporary storage container is arranged in a fluid path between the first pump and the valve device. A third fluid line connects the first pump to the temporary storage container and is filled with a working liquid that does not affect the titration. A second pump conveys a volumetric solution into the titration vessel. An electronic controller controls the first and the second pumps and the valve device to convey a liquid from the first liquid supply into the temporary storage container to transport the liquid into the titration vessel and transport the volumetric solution into the titration vessel to carry out titration.

A titration apparatus includes a titration measuring cell with a titration vessel, a valve device, and a first pump for sucking liquid through a first fluid line into a temporary storage container and transporting it via a second fluid line into the titration vessel. The temporary storage container is arranged in a fluid path between the first pump and the valve device. A third fluid line connects the first pump to the temporary storage container and is filled with a working liquid that does not affect the titration. A second pump conveys a volumetric solution into the titration vessel. An electronic controller controls the first and the second pumps and the valve device to convey a liquid from the first liquid supply into the temporary storage container to transport the liquid into the titration vessel and transport the volumetric solution into the titration vessel to carry out titration.

A method for determining a parameter includes forming a reaction mixture by adding a volume of a solution to a sample. The solution contains a substance acting as a reaction partner for the analyte, where the reaction partner enters into a chemical reaction with the analyte, forming a reaction product of the analyte. The volume of the solution is adjusted, based on measured values of a physical or chemical measurand which are detected during the addition of the solution in the reaction mixture and whose value depends on the concentration of the analyte or of the substance in the reaction mixture. A titration of the solution to be titrated is subsequently performed from which a quantity of the substance present in the reaction mixture after addition of the volume of the solution is determinable, and a value of the parameter is ascertained using the titration.

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and a method for measuring miscibility in oil using back titration. The apparatus includes: a flocculation solution storage unit; a flow cell including a UV transmitting member; a dissolving agent storage unit; a UV irradiation unit; and a measurement unit, wherein: a flocculation solution is stored in the flocculation solution storage unit; the flocculation solution circulates between the flocculation solution storage unit and the flow cell; the measurement unit measures the UV transmittance of the flocculation solution while the dissolving agent in the dissolving agent storage unit is supplied to the flocculation solution storage unit; the miscibility in the oil is calculated from the amount of dissolving agent supplied and a change in the UV transmittance measured by the measurement unit; and the miscibility is calculated based on a time point when the slope of increase in the UV transmittance changes.

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and a method for measuring miscibility in oil using back titration. The apparatus includes: a flocculation solution storage unit; a flow cell including a UV transmitting member; a dissolving agent storage unit; a UV irradiation unit; and a measurement unit, wherein: a flocculation solution is stored in the flocculation solution storage unit; the flocculation solution circulates between the flocculation solution storage unit and the flow cell; the measurement unit measures the UV transmittance of the flocculation solution while the dissolving agent in the dissolving agent storage unit is supplied to the flocculation solution storage unit; the miscibility in the oil is calculated from the amount of dissolving agent supplied and a change in the UV transmittance measured by the measurement unit; and the miscibility is calculated based on a time point when the slope of increase in the UV transmittance changes.

An embodiment provides a method for determining the alkalinity of an aqueous sample using an alkalinity sensor, including: monitoring the pH of an aqueous sample using a pH sensor in a sample cell, the pH sensor including a pH sensor electrode made of boron-doped diamond; generating hydronium ions, using a hydronium generator, in the aqueous sample in the sample cell, the hydronium generator including a hydronium-generating electrode; changing the pH of the aqueous sample by causing the hydronium generator to generate an amount of hydronium ions in the aqueous sample; quantifying and converting a current or charge to the number of hydronium ions produced to an end point of the electrochemical titration, the end point correlating to the alkalinity of a sample; and analyzing the alkalinity of the aqueous sample based on the generated amount of hydronium ions and the resulting change in pH monitored by the pH sensor.

A method for recalculating the solvent power of a light oil, SP.sub.(LO recalculated), is provided. The method comprises: titrating the light oil against a reference oil, optionally in the presence of a titrant, to determine a volume fraction of the light oil at the onset of asphaltene precipitation, V.sub.(onset fraction LO), a volume fraction of the reference oil at the onset of asphaltene precipitation, V.sub.(onset fraction RO), and, where a titrant is present, a volume fraction of the titrant at the onset of asphaltene precipitation, V.sub.(onset fraction T), and determining the recalculated solvent power of the light oil, SP.sub.(LO recalculated), according to the following formula:

[00001]${\mathrm{SP}}_{\left(\mathrm{LO}.Math..Math.\mathrm{recalculated}\right)}=\frac{\left({\mathrm{CSP}}_{\left(\mathrm{RO}\right)}-{\mathrm{SP}}_{\left(\mathrm{RO}\right)}*V_{\left(\mathrm{onset}.Math..Math.\mathrm{fraction}.Math..Math.\mathrm{RO}\right)}-x*{\mathrm{SP}}_{\left(T\right)}*V_{\left(\mathrm{onset}.Math..Math.\mathrm{fraction}.Math..Math.T\right)}\right)}{V_{\left(\mathrm{onset}.Math..Math.\mathrm{fraction}.Math..Math.\mathrm{LO}\right)}}$

wherein: CSP.sub.(RO) is the critical solvent power of the reference oil, SP.sub.(RO) is the solvent power of the reference oil, SP.sub.(T) is the solvent power of the titrant, and x is 1 where a titrant is present, and otherwise is 0.

The recalculated solvent power may be used in methods for preventing asphaltene precipitation during processing of crude oils in a refinery.