An air kerma conventional true value determining method is provided, which addresses the problem of on-site and in-situ verification or calibration of radiation protection with existing standard reference radiation, which is large in spatial volume and unable or difficult to be moved. The method includes establishing a minitype reference radiation, selecting a proper radiation source and source intensity for providing incident rays for a shielding box, selecting a plurality of gamma ray dosimeters as samples for training a prediction model to obtain the prediction model of the air kerma conventional true value of a point of test, putting a probe of a dosimeter being verified at the point of test, recording scattering gamma spectrum measured by a gamma spectrometer, with the spectrum applied as input to the prediction model to obtain the air kerma conventional true value. The results are accurate and the reference radiation is small in size.

Systems and methods are provided for detecting gaps in composite parts. One method includes radiating a beam of x-rays in a firing direction towards surface of a multi-layer Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) part, acquiring data indicating intensity of sidescatter radiation received at an x-ray detector that extends along the CFRP part in the firing direction, and examining the acquired data for gaps at the CFRP part based on differences in intensity indicated by the data.

Provided is a polymer composite material which has a high proton spin polarization even though it is a polymer composite material containing carbon black. The present invention relates to a polymer composite material for .sup.1H dynamic nuclear polarization experiments, containing carbon black, having a thickness of 0.8 mm or less, and being doped with a paramagnetic radical compound.

Methods and systems for characterizing dimensions and material properties of semiconductor devices by full beam x-ray scatterometry are described herein. A full beam x-ray scatterometry measurement involves illuminating a sample with an X-ray beam and detecting the intensities of the resulting zero diffraction order and higher diffraction orders simultaneously for one or more angles of incidence relative to the sample. The simultaneous measurement of the direct beam and the scattered orders enables high throughput measurements with improved accuracy. The full beam x-ray scatterometry system includes one or more photon counting detectors with high dynamic range and thick, highly absorptive crystal substrates that absorb the direct beam with minimal parasitic backscattering. In other aspects, model based measurements are performed based on the zero diffraction order beam, and measurement performance of the full beam x-ray scatterometry system is estimated and controlled based on properties of the measured zero order beam.

Techniques, systems, and devices are disclosed for constructing a scattering and stopping relationship of cosmic-ray charged particles (including cosmic-ray electrons and/or cosmic-ray muons) over a range of low-atomic-mass materials, and to detect and identify content of a volume of interest (VOI) exposed to cosmic-ray charged particles based on the constructed scattering and stopping relationship. In one aspect, a process for constructing a scattering-stopping relationship for a range of low-density materials exposed to cosmic-ray charged particles is disclosed. This technique first determines a scattering parameter and a stopping parameter for each material within the range of low-density materials exposed to charged particles from cosmic ray. The technique then establishes a scattering-stopping relationship of cosmic ray charged particles for the range of low-density materials based on the determined pairs of scattering and stopping parameters associated with the range of low-density materials.

A well-logging tool may include a sonde housing, and a radiation generator carried by the sonde housing. The radiation generator may include a generator housing, a target carried by the generator housing, a charged particle source carried by the generator housing to direct charged particles at the target, and at least one voltage source coupled to the charged particle source. The at least one voltage source may include a voltage ladder comprising a plurality of voltage multiplication stages coupled in a bi-polar configuration, and at least one loading coil coupled at at least one intermediate position along the voltage ladder. The well-logging tool may further include at least one radiation detector carried by the sonde housing.

A high harmonic radiation source and associated method of generating high harmonic radiation is disclosed. The high harmonic radiation source is configured to condition a gas medium by irradiating the gas medium with a pre-pulse of radiation, thereby generating a plasma comprising a pre-pulse plasma distribution; and irradiate the gas medium with a main pulse of radiation to generate said high harmonic radiation. The conditioning step is such that the plasma comprising a pre-pulse plasma distribution acts to configure a wavefront of said main pulse to improve one or both of: the efficiency of the high harmonic generation process and the beam quality of the high harmonic radiation. The high harmonic radiation source further may comprise a beam shaping device configured to shape said customized pre-pulse prior to said conditioning.

An airborne particle-measuring device quantifies and qualifies contaminants of an air environment in clean-rooms, open spaces, and enclosed spaces such as homes, offices, industrial environments, airplanes in flight, cars and others. The device may include a sensor system, an electronics system, communications and information storage. The sensor system may include a high-power low-wavelength single-frequency continuous laser, an open-cavity high-efficiency mirror having an optical surface tuned to the laser frequency and a flow system that includes a vacuum pump to sample the air. The electronics system may be mounted on a single multilayer PC board with a microprocessor, firmware, electronics and a touch-screen LCD display. Innovations in light source, flow control, analog and digital signal processing, components integration and software allow provision of equipment in a wide range of high-complexity settings that require precise particle measurements.

A well-logging tool may include a sonde housing, and a radiation generator carried by the sonde housing. The radiation generator may include a generator housing, a target carried by the generator housing, a charged particle source carried by the generator housing to direct charged particles at the target, and at least one voltage source coupled to the charged particle source. The at least one voltage source may include a voltage ladder comprising a plurality of voltage multiplication stages coupled in a bi-polar configuration, and at least one loading coil coupled at at least one intermediate position along the voltage ladder. The well-logging tool may further include at least one radiation detector carried by the sonde housing.

A method and a system for fast inspecting a vehicle based on a length measuring device, including: when a subject vehicle enters an inspection region, measuring a first length and a second length of the subject vehicle; determining whether the first length and the second length is respectively larger than or equal to a preset second length threshold; if so, determining whether a gap portion of the subject vehicle between a first portion and a second portion of the subject vehicle appears in a beam emitting region formed by a beam of radiation rays emitted by the system for fast inspecting a vehicle; and when the gap portion appears in the beam emitting region, emitting a beam of radiation rays of a first radiation dose to the subject vehicle according to the gap portion, wherein the subject vehicle moves with respect to the system for fast inspecting a vehicle.