An electronic watch includes a housing and a crown assembly including a rotatable actuation member. The rotatable actuation member includes a knob external to the housing and configured to receive a rotational input and a shaft assembly coupled to the knob and positioned at least partially within the housing, the shaft assembly defining a sensing surface configured to rotate in response to the rotational input. The electronic watch further includes an optical sensing system configured to detect the rotational input, the detecting including directing light onto the sensing surface, receiving reflected light from the sensing surface, and producing a signal corresponding to a rotational motion of the sensing surface, the signal based at least in part on an interference between the light directed onto the sensing surface and the reflected light.

A putting practice apparatus for evaluating the striking speed and tempo of a putter includes: an emitting unit (100) that emits light and is provided in a first sensor installation part; a light receiving unit (200) that receives the light emitted from the emitting unit (100); a speed detecting unit (300) and a position measuring unit (400) which respectively detect the speed and measure the position of the golf ball (1); a calculation control unit (500) for performing calculations in order to detect the initial position value of the golf ball (1) as measured by the position measuring unit (400) and the movement speed (Vb) and the moving distance (Hb) of the golf ball (1) as measured by the speed detecting unit (300); and a storage unit (600) for storing the measured speed (Vb) and the measured distance (Hb) of the golf ball (1).

A modular pavement slab comprises a body, a strain sensor array, and a sensor processor. The body includes a top surface, a bottom surface, and four side surfaces. The modular pavement slab is configured to be coupled to at least one other modular pavement slab via connectors along at least one of the side surfaces. The strain sensor array is retained within the body and is configured to detect a plurality of strains on the body resulting from vehicular traffic across the top surface of the body. The sensor processor is in communication with the strain sensor array. The sensor processor is configured to communicate input signals to the strain sensor array, receive output signals from the strain sensor array, and determine a plurality of time-varying strain values, each strain value indicating a strain experienced over time by a successive one of a plurality of regions of the body.

A modular pavement slab comprises a body, a strain sensor array, and a sensor processor. The body includes a top surface, a bottom surface, and four side surfaces. The modular pavement slab is configured to be coupled to at least one other modular pavement slab via connectors along at least one of the side surfaces. The strain sensor array is retained within the body and is configured to detect a plurality of strains on the body resulting from vehicular traffic across the top surface of the body. The sensor processor is in communication with the strain sensor array. The sensor processor is configured to communicate input signals to the strain sensor array, receive output signals from the strain sensor array, and determine a plurality of time-varying strain values, each strain value indicating a strain experienced over time by a successive one of a plurality of regions of the body.

A device includes a first component, a second component having a reconfigurable distance from the first component, an optical element, an SMI sensor, and a processor. The optical element has a fixed relationship with respect to the first component, and has a known optical thickness between a first surface and a second surface of the optical element. The SMI sensor has a fixed relationship with respect to the second component, and has an electromagnetic radiation emission axis that intersects the first and second surfaces of the optical element. The processor is configured to identify disturbances in an SMI signal generated by the SMI sensor, relate the disturbances to the known optical thickness of the optical element, and to determine a distance between the first and second components using the SMI signal and the relationship of the disturbances to the known optical thickness of the optical element.

A device includes a first component, a second component having a reconfigurable distance from the first component, an optical element, an SMI sensor, and a processor. The optical element has a fixed relationship with respect to the first component, and has a known optical thickness between a first surface and a second surface of the optical element. The SMI sensor has a fixed relationship with respect to the second component, and has an electromagnetic radiation emission axis that intersects the first and second surfaces of the optical element. The processor is configured to identify disturbances in an SMI signal generated by the SMI sensor, relate the disturbances to the known optical thickness of the optical element, and to determine a distance between the first and second components using the SMI signal and the relationship of the disturbances to the known optical thickness of the optical element.

Non-contact sensors include an image sensor configured to capture image data of a portion of a surface of a rotatable shaft and an electronic control unit communicatively coupled to the image sensor. The electronic control unit is configured to receive image data having a plurality of frames from the image sensor and store the image data in a memory component of the electronic control unit, determine a transformation in image space between one or more surface features that appear in a first frame of the image data and the same one or more surface features that appear in a second frame of the image data, determine a rotational position of the rotatable shaft at a time of capture of the second frame of the image data based on the transformation and a quantitatively characterized relationship between image space and object space, and store the rotational position of the rotatable shaft.

The disclosure provides a substrate cleaning device and a substrate processing device capable of suppressing erroneous rotation detection of an optical sensor due to adhesion of droplets or mist. A substrate cleaning device includes a substrate cleaning part for cleaning a substrate, a drive roller for rotating the substrate, a driven roller rotated by the substrate, and a rotation detection part for detecting rotation of the driven roller. The rotation detection part includes a detected part provided on the driven roller, an optical sensor for detecting rotation of the detected part by irradiation with detection light, and a liquid filling part for filling an optical path forming space in which an optical path of the detection light is formed with a liquid having transmittance.

The disclosure provides a substrate cleaning device and a substrate processing device capable of suppressing erroneous rotation detection of an optical sensor due to adhesion of droplets or mist. A substrate cleaning device includes a substrate cleaning part for cleaning a substrate, a drive roller for rotating the substrate, a driven roller rotated by the substrate, and a rotation detection part for detecting rotation of the driven roller. The rotation detection part includes a detected part provided on the driven roller, an optical sensor for detecting rotation of the detected part by irradiation with detection light, and a liquid filling part for filling an optical path forming space in which an optical path of the detection light is formed with a liquid having transmittance.

A welding system includes a first sensor associated with a welding helmet and configured to sense a parameter indicative of a position of a welding torch relative to the welding helmet. The travel speed sensing system also includes a processing system communicatively coupled to the first sensor and configured to determine a position of the welding torch relative to a workpiece based on the sensed first parameter.