Extrusion techniques for reducing bow of an extrudate formed from a ceramic forming mixture. Velocities of an outer surface of the extrudate are measured at a plurality of peripherally spaced measurement locations. The velocities are compared to determine whether there is a velocity bias, and the comparison is used to selectively alter the flow of the ceramic forming mixture.

A rotational speed sensor, a manufacturing method thereof, a driving method thereof, and an electronic device are provided. The rotational speed sensor includes liquid crystal cell, rotational speed sensing module and rotational speed determining module; rotational speed sensing module is configured to convert rotational speed into voltage signal and apply voltage signal to liquid crystal cell; and at least a part of optical signal propagation module of rotational speed determining module is located in liquid crystal cell. Spectrum drift time of optical signal propagated in optical signal propagation module is variable as refractive index of liquid crystal molecules in liquid crystal cell changes; optical signal transmitting module in rotational speed determining module transmits optical signal to optical signal propagation module; optical signal receiving module in rotational speed determining module receives optical signal propagated by optical signal propagation module and analyzes spectrum to determine rotational speed.

A rotational speed sensor, a manufacturing method thereof, a driving method thereof, and an electronic device are provided. The rotational speed sensor includes liquid crystal cell, rotational speed sensing module and rotational speed determining module; rotational speed sensing module is configured to convert rotational speed into voltage signal and apply voltage signal to liquid crystal cell; and at least a part of optical signal propagation module of rotational speed determining module is located in liquid crystal cell. Spectrum drift time of optical signal propagated in optical signal propagation module is variable as refractive index of liquid crystal molecules in liquid crystal cell changes; optical signal transmitting module in rotational speed determining module transmits optical signal to optical signal propagation module; optical signal receiving module in rotational speed determining module receives optical signal propagated by optical signal propagation module and analyzes spectrum to determine rotational speed.

A sensor arrangement for position determination of a rail vehicle includes at least two sensors that can be attached to the rail vehicle. Each of the sensors is configured to ascertain a position speed and to be disposed on the rail vehicle at different positions transverse to the direction of travel. At least one processing apparatus which is connected to the sensors is configured to process the position speeds ascertained by the sensors. An apparatus for position determination of a rail vehicle, a rail vehicle, and a method for position determination for a rail vehicle are also provided.

A sensor arrangement for position determination of a rail vehicle includes at least two sensors that can be attached to the rail vehicle. Each of the sensors is configured to ascertain a position speed and to be disposed on the rail vehicle at different positions transverse to the direction of travel. At least one processing apparatus which is connected to the sensors is configured to process the position speeds ascertained by the sensors. An apparatus for position determination of a rail vehicle, a rail vehicle, and a method for position determination for a rail vehicle are also provided.

A first imaging section 21r of a rolling shutter mode which is configured to perform exposure of lines at different timings and a second imaging section 21g of a global shutter mode which is configured to perform exposure of lines at one timing capture images of a subject that is moving. By using a second captured image obtained by the second imaging section 21g, a distortion calculating section 33 determines a subject image distortion generated in a first captured image obtained by the first imaging section 21r. A moving-speed detecting section 35 detects the moving speed of the subject in each line, on the basis of the view angle of the captured image, the distortion amount of the image distortion determined by the distortion calculating section 33, and the distance to the subject measured by a distance measuring section 34. Accordingly, the moving speed of the subject can be detected quickly and frequently.

An electronic watch includes a housing, a user-operable watch crown mounted to the housing, an electromagnetic radiation source emitting a beam of electromagnetic radiation toward a watch crown surface, and a sensor. The beam of electromagnetic radiation depends on a coherent mixing of electromagnetic radiation within a resonant cavity of the electromagnetic radiation source. The coherent mixing includes a mixing of a first amount of electromagnetic radiation generated by the electromagnetic radiation source and a second amount of electromagnetic radiation redirected into the resonant cavity by the watch crown surface. The sensor measures a first parameter of the beam of electromagnetic radiation and determines, using the measurement of the first parameter, a value of a second parameter characterizing movement of the watch crown. The second parameter may include a direction of rotation or speed of rotation of the watch crown, or other parameters.

A fiber optic sensing cable located along a side of a paved road and runs parallel to a driving direction is monitored by distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) using Rayleigh backscattering generated along the length of the optical sensor fiber cable under dynamic vehicle loads. The interaction of vehicles with roadway locations exhibiting distressed pavement generates unique patterns of localized signals that are identified/distinguished from signals resulting from vehicles operating on roadway exhibiting a smooth pavement surface. Machine learning methods are employed to estimate an overall road surface quality as well as localizing pavement damage. Power spectral density estimation, principal component analysis, support vector machine (SVM) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), local binary pattern (LBP), and convolutional neural network (CNN) are applied to develop the machine learning models.

A fiber optic sensing cable located along a side of a paved road and runs parallel to a driving direction is monitored by distributed fiber optic sensing (DFOS) using Rayleigh backscattering generated along the length of the optical sensor fiber cable under dynamic vehicle loads. The interaction of vehicles with roadway locations exhibiting distressed pavement generates unique patterns of localized signals that are identified/distinguished from signals resulting from vehicles operating on roadway exhibiting a smooth pavement surface. Machine learning methods are employed to estimate an overall road surface quality as well as localizing pavement damage. Power spectral density estimation, principal component analysis, support vector machine (SVM) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), local binary pattern (LBP), and convolutional neural network (CNN) are applied to develop the machine learning models.

A method to determine a characteristic on a turbine shaft is provided. The method includes disposing a reflective/absorptive target comprising a plurality of markings in a geometric pattern on the component. A light emitting source will then be focused onto a predetermined starting position on the target. The plurality of markings will linearly traverse across the light emitting source from the predetermined starting position. The reflected/absorbed light pulses from the plurality of markings will be detected and recorded. From the timing of the recorded light pulses, the characteristic of the component is determined. The geometric pattern comprises at least two non-parallel lines and a third line including the predetermined position. A system to determine a characteristic on a turbine shaft as well as a method to determine the torsional deflection of a turbine shaft are also provided.