A measuring system (10) and method measure a concentration of components of a gas mixture of gas/aerosol. A reaction support (14) has a flow channel (42) that forms a reaction chamber (46) with an optically detectable reactant (48) that reacts with at least one component or with a reaction product of the component. The flow channel (42) is at least partially filled with particles (100, 102, 104, 110) which have a pre-flow starting position and to which a gas flow is applied through the flow channel (42) in a flow position. The particles (100, 102, 104, 110) are designed (configured) in such a manner that the particles (100, 102, 104, 110) in the starting position and the particles (100, 102, 104, 110) in the flow position can be optically distinguished. The invention also relates to an optical flow sensor (109) for determining a flow of a fluid.

A flow field measurement device and a method for a scale model of a natural gas hydrate reservoir are provided. The measurement device includes non-central vertical well pressure sensors, non-central vertical well outlet valves, communicating vessel valves, differential pressure sensors, a communicating vessel, a central vertical well outlet valve, and a central vertical well pressure sensor. By providing differential pressure sensors, between a measuring point of the central vertical well and a measuring point of each of the non-central vertical wells, to measure pressure differences, the flow field measurement device enables a reasonable distribution of a three-dimensional space inside the reactor to analyze gas-liquid flow trends in the reactor with a simulated flow field. Determining whether to turn on the differential pressure sensors according to a predetermination based on a feedback from the pressure sensors, allows flow field measurements in the reactor under both high and low pressure differences.

The present invention provides techniques for recovering hydrocarbon fluids in a process flow, including recovering bitumen from a coarse tailings line. The apparatus includes a signal processor that responds to signaling containing information about the presence of a hydrocarbon fluid in a process flow; and determines corresponding signaling to control the diversion of the hydrocarbon fluid from the process flow remaining based on the signaling received. The hydrocarbon fluid may be bitumen, including bitumen flowing in a course tailings line. The signal processor receives the signaling from a velocity profile meter having sensors arranged around a circumference of a process pipe containing information about a fluid flow velocity at various levels or heights within the process pipe, including a wrap-around velocity profile meter having multiple sensing arrays located radially at a top position of 0°, a bottom position of 180°, and intermediate positions 45°, 90° and 135°.

A method of manufacturing an optical fiber probe includes: stretching one end of the optical fiber in an axial direction thereof to form a first tapered portion in a first conical shape in which a diameter is gradually decreased toward a leading end of the optical fiber probe at a first ratio in an axial direction of the optical fiber probe to a point spaced a predetermined distance from a point fixed to a probe holder; and immersing and etching an end of the first tapered portion in an etching solution to form a second tapered portion formed in a second conical shape in which a diameter is gradually decreased at a second ratio greater than the first ratio in the axial direction from an end of the first tapered portion to form the leading end of the optical fiber probe.

A sensor assembly that includes a substrate and a set of sensors. The set of sensor includes pressure sensor and/or flow sensors located across a surface of the substrate. Each respective sensor of the plurality of sensor is adapted to measure a respective pressure or a respective flow of an environment proximate the respective sensor. Each respective sensor of the plurality of sensor may further be adapted to output a respective signal associated with the measured respective pressure or the measured respective flow. The respective signals associated with the measured respective pressure or the measured respective flows measured by the plurality of sensor together provide a pressure distribution across the surface of the substrate and/or a flow distribution across the surface of the substrate.

An example method for processing wind field data includes generating wind field base data using the preliminary data and one or more empirical equations based on climatology. The wind field base data includes multiple data sets each associated with a different time-point in a first set of time-points. The method also includes performing spatial interpolation and temporal interpolation over the wind field base data to generate a sequence of two-dimensional wind field representations each associated with a different time-point in a second set of time-points, and visualizing the sequence of two-dimensional wind field representations.

A fixed-wing vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicle configured with a composite adaptive nonlinear tracking controller that utilizes a real-time accurate estimation of the complex aerodynamic forces surrounding the wing(s) and rotors in order to achieve a high performance flight. The method employs online adaptation of force models, and generates accurate estimation for wing and rotor forces in real-time based on information from a three-dimensional airflow sensor. The novel three-dimensional airflow sensor illustrates improved velocity tracking and force prediction during the transition stage from hover to forward flight.

Systems and methods for a dual-interrogated interferometer for fluid measurements are described herein. In some embodiments, a system includes an interferometer that provides interfered light having interference fringes, wherein the interfered light comprises emitted light from the system interfered with received light by the system. The system also includes a high-rate sensor that detects the interfered light to create high-rate measurements. Further, the system includes a two-dimensional detector array that detects the interfered light to create two-dimensional detector array measurements. Moreover, the system includes one or more processors that calculate fluid velocity in relation to the system based on a mapping of the high-rate measurements to the two-dimensional detector array measurements.

A visualization device for a flow field includes a chamber, a power supply, at least one pair of electrodes, and at least one flow field observation module. The flow field observation module includes a high-speed camera, a light detecting component, and a light filter component. The power supply outputs a voltage to generate a plasma, and the pair of electrodes is disposed in the chamber. The flow field observation module is disposed outside the chamber and captures an image of a fluid particle excited by the plasma toward the chamber. The light filter component is disposed between the high-speed camera and the chamber. The light detecting component obtains a light information within the chamber and sends the light information to the light filter component.

A portable electronic device is operable in a particulate matter concentration mode where the portable electronic device uses a self-mixing interferometry sensor to emit a beam of coherent light from an optical resonant cavity, receive a reflection or backscatter of the beam into the optical resonant cavity, produce a self-mixing signal resulting from a reflection or backscatter of the beam of coherent light, and determine a particle velocity and/or particulate matter concentration using the self-mixing signal. The portable electronic device is also operable in an absolute distance mode where the portable electronic device determines whether or not an absolute distance determined using the self-mixing signal is outside or within a particulate sensing volume associated with the beam of coherent light. If not, the portable electronic device may determine a contamination and/or obstruction is present that may result in inaccurate particle velocity and/or particulate matter concentration determination.