A fluid injector system includes at least one injector for pressurizing and delivering at least one fluid from at least one fluid reservoir, at least one fluid path section in fluid communication with the at least one injector and having a predetermined index of refraction, and a first proximal sensor and a first distal sensor arranged along the at least one fluid path section. Each of the first proximal sensor and the first distal sensor includes an emitter configured to emit light through the at least one fluid path section, and a detector configured to receive the light emitted through the at least one fluid path section and generate an electrical signal based on the received light. The fluid injector system further includes at least one processor programmed or configured to determine, based on a difference in the electrical signals generated by the first proximal sensor and the first distal sensor, at least one property of a content of the at least one fluid path section.

A fluid injector system includes at least one injector for pressurizing and delivering at least one fluid from at least one fluid reservoir, at least one fluid path section in fluid communication with the at least one injector and having a predetermined index of refraction, and a first proximal sensor and a first distal sensor arranged along the at least one fluid path section. Each of the first proximal sensor and the first distal sensor includes an emitter configured to emit light through the at least one fluid path section, and a detector configured to receive the light emitted through the at least one fluid path section and generate an electrical signal based on the received light. The fluid injector system further includes at least one processor programmed or configured to determine, based on a difference in the electrical signals generated by the first proximal sensor and the first distal sensor, at least one property of a content of the at least one fluid path section.

A monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe, the apparatus comprising: a first monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide first output data representing a respective concentration of one phase of a plurality of phases, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, in the multiphase flow by processing at least one first variable representing electrical permittivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; a second monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide second output data representing a respective concentration of one phase, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one second variable representing electrical conductivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; and a third monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide third output data representing a respective velocity of at least one phase of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one third variable representing velocity of at least one of the phases. There is a further provided a monitoring method for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided an oil well system including a plurality of oil wells, and one or more monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided a method of operating an oil well system using a multiphase fluid flow model which is calibrated or modified based on measured parameters of the multiphase flow.

A monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe, the apparatus comprising: a first monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide first output data representing a respective concentration of one phase of a plurality of phases, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, in the multiphase flow by processing at least one first variable representing electrical permittivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; a second monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide second output data representing a respective concentration of one phase, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one second variable representing electrical conductivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; and a third monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide third output data representing a respective velocity of at least one phase of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one third variable representing velocity of at least one of the phases. There is a further provided a monitoring method for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided an oil well system including a plurality of oil wells, and one or more monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided a method of operating an oil well system using a multiphase fluid flow model which is calibrated or modified based on measured parameters of the multiphase flow.

A method for determining the velocity of a moving fluid surface, which comprises the following steps S1 to S5: S1) taking a sequence of images of the moving fluid surface by at least one camera; S2) comparing a first image from the sequence with a second image from the sequence in order to distinguish moving patterns of the fluid surface from non-moving parts and to obtain a first processed image (im_1f) comprising the moving patterns; S3) comparing a third image from the sequence with a fourth image from the sequence in order to distinguish moving patterns of the fluid surface from non-moving parts and to obtain a second processed image (im_2f) comprising the moving patterns; S4) comparing the first and second processed images in order to determine the spatial displacements of the moving patterns; and S5) determining from the spatial displacements the velocity.

A method for determining the velocity of a moving fluid surface, which comprises the following steps S1 to S5: S1) taking a sequence of images of the moving fluid surface by at least one camera; S2) comparing a first image from the sequence with a second image from the sequence in order to distinguish moving patterns of the fluid surface from non-moving parts and to obtain a first processed image (im_1f) comprising the moving patterns; S3) comparing a third image from the sequence with a fourth image from the sequence in order to distinguish moving patterns of the fluid surface from non-moving parts and to obtain a second processed image (im_2f) comprising the moving patterns; S4) comparing the first and second processed images in order to determine the spatial displacements of the moving patterns; and S5) determining from the spatial displacements the velocity.

A monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe, the apparatus comprising: a first monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide first output data representing a respective concentration of one phase of a plurality of phases, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, in the multiphase flow by processing at least one first variable representing electrical permittivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; a second monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide second output data representing a respective concentration of one phase, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one second variable representing electrical conductivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; and a third monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide third output data representing a respective velocity of at least one phase of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one third variable representing velocity of at least one of the phases. There is a further provided a monitoring method for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided an oil well system including a plurality of oil wells, and one or more monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided a method of operating an oil well system using a multiphase fluid flow model which is calibrated or modified based on measured parameters of the multiphase flow.

A monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe, the apparatus comprising: a first monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide first output data representing a respective concentration of one phase of a plurality of phases, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, in the multiphase flow by processing at least one first variable representing electrical permittivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; a second monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide second output data representing a respective concentration of one phase, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one second variable representing electrical conductivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; and a third monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide third output data representing a respective velocity of at least one phase of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one third variable representing velocity of at least one of the phases. There is a further provided a monitoring method for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided an oil well system including a plurality of oil wells, and one or more monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided a method of operating an oil well system using a multiphase fluid flow model which is calibrated or modified based on measured parameters of the multiphase flow.

Methods and apparatuses for beam pattern stabilization are provided. A method may include processing an output of a gyroscopic sensor to generate a plurality of first phase corrections for a first time interval and a plurality of second phase corrections for a second time interval. The method may further include measuring respective signal propagation characteristics between each antenna element of the array and each of a first and second subscriber module for the first time interval. The method may further include forming, based on the measured respective signal propagation characteristics, the plurality of first phase corrections, and the plurality of second phase corrections, a MU-MIMO beam pattern for the second time interval having a main lobe towards the first subscriber module and a null towards the second subscriber module, whereby to correct for a change in orientation of the array between the first time interval and the second time interval.

A monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe, the apparatus comprising: a first monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide first output data representing a respective concentration of one phase of a plurality of phases, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, in the multiphase flow by processing at least one first variable representing electrical permittivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; a second monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide second output data representing a respective concentration of one phase, or a mixture of at least two of the phases, of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one second variable representing electrical conductivity of one phase or a mixture of at least two of the phases of the multiphase flow; and a third monitoring module coupled to the pipe and adapted to provide third output data representing a respective velocity of at least one phase of the plurality of phases in the multiphase flow by processing at least one third variable representing velocity of at least one of the phases. There is a further provided a monitoring method for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided an oil well system including a plurality of oil wells, and one or more monitoring apparatus for monitoring a multiphase flow in a pipe. There is a further provided a method of operating an oil well system using a multiphase fluid flow model which is calibrated or modified based on measured parameters of the multiphase flow.