A method can include vapor depositing a corrosion resistant coating to internal and external surfaces of a metallic air data probe. For example, vapor depositing can include using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The method can include placing the metallic air data probe in a vacuum chamber and evacuating the vacuum chamber before using vapor deposition. The corrosion resistant coating can be or include a ceramic coating. In certain embodiments, vapor depositing can include applying a first precursor, then applying a second precursor to the first precursor to form the ceramic coating.

In one illustrative configuration, an air quality monitoring system may enable wide-scale deployment of multiple air quality monitors with high-confidence and actionable data is provided. Further, the air quality monitoring system may enable identifying a target emission from a plurality of potential sources at a site based on simulating plume models. The simulation of plume models may take into consideration various simulation parameters including wind speed and direction. Further, methods of determining a plume flux of a plume of emissions at a site, and methods of transmitting data from an air quality monitor are disclosed.

A wind direction and a wind speed are readily and accurately estimated at a desired position without using a wind direction and velocity sensor. Movement instruction means of a wind estimation system instructs an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which includes a sensor unit that detects information about a position change, to move. Fall control means causes the UAV to free fall after the UAV is moved according to the instruction of the movement instruction means. Estimation means estimates at least one of a wind direction and a wind speed at a fall position based on the information about the position change detected by the sensor unit during a fall of the UAV.

A distributed air data module system includes several air data systems and a control module communicatively connected to each air data system via a data channel. Each of the air data systems includes a sensor that is configured to sense an air data parameter and to provide a sensor output signal that is indicative of the sensed air data parameter, and a sensor analog-to-digital converter that produces a digital air data parameter signal that is representative of the sensor output signal. Each air data system has an associated air data system address code. The control module is configured to generate a selected air data system address code corresponding to a selected air data systems, receive the digital air data parameter signal associated with the selected air data system via the data channel, and transmit the digital air data parameter signal via an aircraft data bus.

A method for ascertaining a wind direction at a wind power installation having a rotor on which at least one rotor blade is arranged. The method includes measuring first wind speeds in a predefined first measuring direction and second wind speeds in a predefined second measuring direction different from the first measuring direction in each case with a measuring frequency at a measuring point for a measuring period, wherein the measuring period is defined by a rotational distance of the rotor or by a prespecified time, wherein the rotor blade or one of the rotor blades passes the measuring point in the measuring period, and determining a wind direction by vectorial evaluation of the first wind speeds and of the second wind speeds.

A flight condition determination device, in particular for autonomous use in an aircraft without connection to avionics systems, includes a housing, a triaxial acceleration sensor installed in the housing, a processor, which is coupled to the triaxial acceleration sensor and installed in the housing, a working memory coupled to the processor, and a power supply unit integrated in the housing, having a power supply socket, via which the flight condition determination device is connectable to an electrical energy supply source of an aircraft. The processor is configured to evaluate acceleration values continuously received from the triaxial acceleration sensor and to determine a flight condition signal from the evaluated acceleration values.

An acoustic air data system includes first and second acoustic transmitters, an array of acoustic receivers, and control circuitry. The array is positioned to receive first and second acoustic signals. The control circuitry determines time difference of arrival (TDOA) of the first and second acoustic signals. The control circuitry determines, for each of a first and second set of acoustic receiver pairs, a signal velocity of the first and second acoustic signals, respectively, based on a distance between an inner acoustic receiver and an outer acoustic receiver and a corresponding TDOA for each pair of acoustic receivers. The control circuitry estimates one or more of wind angle, speed of sound, Mach number, and true airspeed of the airflow about the exterior of the vehicle based on parameters of a best fit circle.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to determining, based on a spatial extent of ice accretion, a maximum size of super-cooled droplets contained in an atmosphere and/or if an atmosphere contains super-cooled water droplets that equal and/or exceed a predetermined size. A testing region on an exterior surface of an aircraft is monitored for ice accretion by an ice detector. A boundary calculator determines a specific location to be tested within the testing region. The determined specific location corresponds to a calculated boundary that separates an ice-accretion region from an ice-free region if the atmosphere contains super-cooled water droplets of no larger than the predetermined size. If the ice detector detects ice accretion at the determined specific location, an alert is generated. The alert can advantageously inform a pilot of the aircraft that the atmosphere contains super-cooled water droplets that equal or exceed the predetermined size.

Methods, apparatuses, and systems for collecting the installation error of the wind vane are provided. The image of the blades of the wind turbine and the outer rotor of the generator is obtained. It is determined whether the wind vane is aligned with the center line of the wind turbine, according to a relationship between the center line of the wind turbine and the orienting plane of the wind vane in the image. In a case that the wind vane is not aligned with the center line of the wind turbine, the deviation angle between the wind vane and the center line of the wind turbine is calculated, and a direction of the wind vane is corrected according to the deviation angle. Therefore, installation errors of the wind vane are accurately determined and corrected, and accuracy is improved for installation of the wind vane.

Methods, apparatuses, and systems for collecting the installation error of the wind vane are provided. The image of the blades of the wind turbine and the outer rotor of the generator is obtained. It is determined whether the wind vane is aligned with the center line of the wind turbine, according to a relationship between the center line of the wind turbine and the orienting plane of the wind vane in the image. In a case that the wind vane is not aligned with the center line of the wind turbine, the deviation angle between the wind vane and the center line of the wind turbine is calculated, and a direction of the wind vane is corrected according to the deviation angle. Therefore, installation errors of the wind vane are accurately determined and corrected, and accuracy is improved for installation of the wind vane.