An electrical panel adapter for an enclosure that is formed of at least one panel includes a main unit having a front portion and a rear portion. The rear portion is positioned inside the enclosure and includes a first plurality of electrical connections adapted to connect to electrical wires and/or equipment located inside the enclosure. The front portion extends through an aperture in the at least one panel and includes a second plurality of electrical connections adapted to connect to one or more electrical devices located outside the enclosure for measurement of both voltage and current inside the enclosure. The second plurality of electrical connections are electrically coupled to the first plurality of electrical connections. The electrical panel adapter enables electrical devices outside the enclosure to be electrically coupled to the electrical wires and/or equipment inside the enclosure without requiring the enclosure to be opened.

An electrical panel adapter for an enclosure that is formed of at least one panel includes a main unit having a front portion and a rear portion. The rear portion is positioned inside the enclosure and includes a first plurality of electrical connections adapted to connect to electrical wires and/or equipment located inside the enclosure. The front portion extends through an aperture in the at least one panel and includes a second plurality of electrical connections adapted to connect to one or more electrical devices located outside the enclosure for measurement of both voltage and current inside the enclosure. The second plurality of electrical connections are electrically coupled to the first plurality of electrical connections. The electrical panel adapter enables electrical devices outside the enclosure to be electrically coupled to the electrical wires and/or equipment inside the enclosure without requiring the enclosure to be opened.

A current sensor includes a battery terminal portion that is conductive and is fastened to a battery post; a shunt resistor for current detection, which is formed in a plate shape and is electrically connected to the battery terminal portion; and a circuit board that is formed in a plate shape and is electrically connected to the shunt resistor, in which the shunt resistor is erected on a main surface of the circuit board. With this configuration, since the shunt resistor and the circuit board can be arranged so as not to face each other and not confront each other, the influence of heat generated by the shunt resistor can be suppressed.

A probe device includes a first receiving terminal configured to receive a multi-level signal having M levels, where M is a natural number greater than 2; a second receiving terminal configured to receive a reference signal; a receiving buffer including a first input terminal connected to the first receiving terminal, a second input terminal connected to the second receiving terminal, and an output terminal configured to output the multi-level signal based on signals received from the first and second input terminals; and a resistor circuit comprising a plurality of resistors connected to the first and second receiving terminals and determining a magnitude of a termination resistance of the first and second receiving terminals.

A testing apparatus for a semiconductor package includes a circuit board, testing patterns and a socket. The circuit board has a testing region and includes a plurality of testing contacts and a plurality of signal contacts distributed in the testing region. The testing patterns are embedded in the circuit board and electrically connected to the testing contacts, where each of the testing patterns includes a first conductive line and a second conductive line including a main portion and a branch portion connected to main portion. The first conductive line is connected to the main portion. The socket is located on the circuit board and comprising connectors electrically connected to the circuit board, wherein the connectors are configured to transmit electric signals for testing the semiconductor package from the testing apparatus.

A method for producing a device for measuring current strengths. The method includes providing a resistor arrangement with two connection elements and a resistor element arranged between the connection elements, molding a contact element from the material of the connection element or from the material of the resistor element. The contact element has an end face remote from the resistor arrangement and a cavity open on the end face. The method further includes providing a circuit board with a through-bore on whose inner surface electrically conductive material is present, positioning the circuit board on the resistor arrangement such that the contact element projects into the through-bore, and expanding the contact element in the radial direction using an expansion element inserted into the cavity of the contact element to establish an electrically conductive connection between the contact element and the electrically conductive material on the inner surface of the through-bore.

A current sensing circuit includes a filtering circuit, an amplifier, a first resistor, a first transistor and a second transistor. The filtering circuit is coupled to two terminals of a sensing resistor. The amplifier has a first input terminal, a second input terminal and an output terminal. The second input terminal is coupled to the filtering circuit. The first resistor is coupled between the filtering circuit and the first input terminal of amplifier. A control terminal of the first transistor is coupled to the output terminal of amplifier, and its first terminal is coupled to the first input terminal of amplifier and its second terminal is grounded through a second resistor. A control terminal of the second transistor is coupled to the output terminal of amplifier, and its first terminal is coupled to the second input terminal of amplifier and its second terminal is grounded through a third resistor.

The current sensor includes a battery terminal part that has electrical conductivity and is fastened to a battery post constituting a negative electrode of a battery, and a shunt resistor that is conductively connected to the battery terminal part via a joint part, the shunt resistor including a first detection terminal and a second detection terminal for detecting an electric current. The battery terminal part includes a third detection terminal for detecting a voltage of the battery between the joint part and the battery post. As a result, the current sensor can properly detect a voltage of the battery together with an electric current.

A battery management system may include: a charge control switch disposed in a high current path between a plurality of pack terminals and a battery module; and a controller configured to detect a cell voltage of each of a plurality of cells included in the battery module and a charging current flowing through a high current path, to determine an overvoltage state of the battery module based on presence or absence of the charging current and the cell voltage of each of the cells, and to turn off the charge control switch when the battery module is determined to be in an overvoltage state.

A battery management system may include: a charge control switch disposed in a high current path between a plurality of pack terminals and a battery module; and a controller configured to detect a cell voltage of each of a plurality of cells included in the battery module and a charging current flowing through a high current path, to determine an overvoltage state of the battery module based on presence or absence of the charging current and the cell voltage of each of the cells, and to turn off the charge control switch when the battery module is determined to be in an overvoltage state.