According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a base including a first face including a first face region, and a first structure body fixed to the first face region. The first structure body includes a first support portion fixed to the first face region, a second support portion fixed to the first face region, a first movable portion, and a first fixed electrode fixed to the first face region. The first movable portion is supported by the first and second support portions and apart from the base in a first direction crossing the first face region. The first movable portion includes a first movable electrode facing the first fixed electrode, and a first conductive member. A first current flows the first conductive member along a second direction crossing the first direction. A first gap is provided between the first fixed electrode and the first movable portion.

Circuitry comprising: a voltage monitoring path; a current monitoring path; a reference element of a predefined impedance; and processing circuitry, wherein in operation of the circuitry in a calibration mode of operation: the voltage monitoring path is operative to output a signal indicative of a voltage across the reference element in response to a reference signal applied to the reference element; the current monitoring path is operative to output a signal indicative of a current through the reference element in response to the reference signal; and the processing circuitry is operative to: receive the signal indicative of the voltage across the reference element and the signal indicative of the current through the reference element; generate an estimate of an impedance of the reference element; and determine a compensation parameter for an element of the circuitry for compensating for a difference between the estimate of the impedance and the predefined impedance of the reference element.

A current sensor includes: six or more bus bars; a core made of a magnetic material and having a base portion and seven or more arm portions which extend in a vertical direction from the base portion and are spaced apart from each other, and in which each of the bus bars is inserted into a gap formed between adjacent arm portions; and a main body configured to integrally hold the bus bars and the core in a state in which the bus bars and the core are insert-molded using polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) or polyphthalamide (PPA).

A current sensor includes: six or more bus bars; a core made of a magnetic material and having a base portion and seven or more arm portions which extend in a vertical direction from the base portion and are spaced apart from each other, and in which each of the bus bars is inserted into a gap formed between adjacent arm portions; and a main body configured to integrally hold the bus bars and the core in a state in which the bus bars and the core are insert-molded using polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) or polyphthalamide (PPA).

A detector includes a board with a connector, a measurement resistor, a switch, and circuitry. The board with the connector is coupled to an external board. The measurement resistor is connected to the connector. The switch is connected to the measurement resistor and switches on and off an electric current flowing thorough the measurement resistor. The circuitry measures a potential difference between both ends of the measurement resistor, and determines, based on the potential difference measured, a coupling state of the external board with respect to the connector. The circuitry controls the switch to switch on and off the electric current flowing through the measurement resistor.

An apparatus for detecting a state of a relay includes a voltage outputter configured to output a voltage having a different voltage value for each state of each of a plurality of relays configured to switch a connection between a battery and a load, and a controller configured to determine whether each of the plurality of relays is welded based on the voltage output from the voltage outputter.

A resistor includes a resistive element, a first resin substrate on an upper surface of the resistive element and having a high thermal conductivity, a first heat radiator plate made of metal provided on an upper surface of the first resin substrate, a second heat radiator plate made of metal provided on the upper surface of the first resin substrate, a first edge-surface electrode provided on the first edge surface of the resistive element and connected to the first heat radiator plate, and a second edge-surface electrode provided on the second edge surface of the resistive element and connected to the second heat radiator plate.

A current sensing assembly includes a conductor having a first side, a second side opposite the first side, a third side, and a fourth side opposite the third side. The first side has a first notch formed therein and the second side has a second notch formed therein opposite the first notch. The current sensing assembly also includes a sensor assembly including a first magnetic sensor disposed in the first notch or proximate to the third side of the conductor between the first and second notches, and a second magnetic sensor disposed in the second notch or proximate to the fourth side of the conductor between the first and second notches.

A shunt resistor (1) includes: a resistance element (3); a first electrode (5A) and a second electrode (5B) coupled to both sides of the resistance element (3); a first fusion material (6A) and a second fusion material (6B) electrically coupled to the first electrode (5A) and the second electrode (5B), respectively, the first fusion material (5A) and the second fusion material (5B) haying electric conductivity; and at least one board (10) coupled to the first electrode (5A) and the second electrode 15B) by the first fusion material (6A) and the second fusion material (6B). The first fusion material (6A) is arranged in a first through-hole (7A) formed in the first electrode (5A) or the board (10), and the second fusion material (6B) is arranged it as second through-hole (7B) formed in the second electrode (5B) or the board (10).

An integrated circuit including a buck converter having an integrator and a shunt resistor is described. The buck converter may operate in a continuous conduction mode (CCM) and a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM). The integrator may be coupled to the buck converter to generate an output voltage based on adjustment of a detected voltage across a load of the buck converter within range of a reference voltage. The shunt resistor may be coupled to the integrator configured to maintain the output voltage of the integrator during the DCM.