The present disclosure provides a circuit comprising: a 4-20 mA transmitter; a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding; a first current-sense resistor connected in series with the primary winding and a current regulator, wherein the current-sense resistor is configured to measure a first voltage and provide the measured first voltage to the current regulator, the current regulator being configured to output a current proportional to the measured first voltage; and a second current-sense resistor connected in series with the secondary winding, wherein the current-sense resistor is configured to measure a second voltage such that a current associated with the 4-20 mA transmitter is determined based on the second voltage.

The invention relates to a signal-processing circuit (1), comprising at least one signal path (2) between an input (3) and an output (4) of the signal-processing circuit (1), wherein: the signal path (2) has a first passive integrating element (5) and an active integrator (6); the active integrator (6) is designed as a non-inverting active integrator (6); the first passive integrating element (5) and the active integrator (6) are connected in series within the signal path (2). According to the invention, the signal path (2) additionally has a second passive integrating element (7) and a differentiating element (20).

An electrical energy harvesting system includes at least one variable capacitor, preferably of electro-active polymer, two voltage sources, and a half-bridge network. The voltage sources are arranged in series with an interconnecting node between a first polarity terminal of the first voltage source and a second opposite polarity terminal of the second voltage source. For each variable capacitor the half-bridge network includes a pair of diodes in series with a common node therebetween, connected in parallel with the first voltage source, an inductor connected between the common node and a first terminal of the variable capacitor, a first switch in parallel with the first diode, and a second switch in parallel with the second diode. The second terminal of the variable capacitor is connected to the first polarity terminal of the second voltage source.

A motor vehicle steering system may include an electric motor and a control unit that controls the electric motor. The control unit may have at least two redundant control paths for controlling the electric motor and an asymmetry detection device. The asymmetry detection device may be configured to compare electric current intensities of the at least two redundant control paths and to cause a faulty control path to be interrupted when there is asymmetry. Each of the at least two redundant control paths may include a switching element that is connected to the asymmetry detection device for interrupting the respective redundant control path.

For estimating motor torque and velocity, a method estimates a velocity profile for a motor based on line-to-line voltages and phase currents for the motor. The velocity profile is estimated without a position input and a velocity input. The method further estimates a torque profile for the motor based on the line-to-line voltages, the phase currents, and a time interval of the velocity profile of motor velocities greater than a velocity threshold, and wherein the motor is operating over the time interval.

Systems and methods for controlling desalting and dehydration of crude oil, one method including monitoring total dissolved solids (TDS) content at an outlet stream from a crude oil separation unit, the outlet stream comprising water; monitoring basic sediment and water (BS&W) content at an outlet stream from the crude oil separation unit, the outlet stream comprising processed crude oil; determining pounds per thousand barrels (PTB) salt content and volumetric water content of a dried, desalted crude oil product stream using the TDS content and BS&W content; and controlling a process input to the method from a comparison between the PTB salt content and volumetric water content of the dried, desalted crude oil product stream versus a maximum set value for PTB salt content and volumetric water content of the dried, desalted crude oil product stream.

Systems and methods for controlling desalting and dehydration of crude oil, one method including monitoring total dissolved solids (TDS) content at an outlet stream from a crude oil separation unit, the outlet stream comprising water; monitoring basic sediment and water (BS&W) content at an outlet stream from the crude oil separation unit, the outlet stream comprising processed crude oil; determining pounds per thousand barrels (PTB) salt content and volumetric water content of a dried, desalted crude oil product stream using the TDS content and BS&W content; and controlling a process input to the method from a comparison between the PTB salt content and volumetric water content of the dried, desalted crude oil product stream versus a maximum set value for PTB salt content and volumetric water content of the dried, desalted crude oil product stream.

The present disclosure provides a circuit comprising: a 4-20 mA transmitter; a transformer having a primary winding and a secondary winding; a first current-sense resistor connected in series with the primary winding and a current regulator, wherein the current-sense resistor is configured to measure a first voltage and provide the measured first voltage to the current regulator, the current regulator being configured to output a current proportional to the measured first voltage; and a second current-sense resistor connected in series with the secondary winding, wherein the current-sense resistor is configured to measure a second voltage such that a current associated with the 4-20 mA transmitter is determined based on the second voltage.

The inventive glove provides a work glove that detects the presence of AC voltage without compromising its usability as a work glove. Embodiments of the inventive glove include monopole aerials extending into the fingers of the glove. A thin flexible dielectric layer sits between the aerials and inside of the glove, acting as an electrical barrier between the aerials and the user's hand. The aerials are connected to conventional voltage detector circuitry on a circuit board located on the back of the glove. The circuit board is grounded to the user's wrist, which enhances the circuitry's ability to detect the presence of nearby AC voltage at a safe distance.

A charging and discharging circuit includes a first conversion circuit and a second conversion circuit. The input terminal of the first conversion circuit is used to connect an external power supply. The output terminal of the first conversion circuit is connected to the input terminal of the second conversion circuit and the first terminal of a battery pack, and the second terminal of the battery pack is grounded. N battery cells have N-1 common nodes. Each common node is connected to a corresponding output terminal of the second conversion circuit. In the embodiment of the present application, the second conversion circuit effectively “transfers” the excess charge on the cell with a higher battery voltage in the battery pack to the cell with a lower voltage through the uneven distribution of the charging current.