A relay state management apparatus including a switch connected to an end of a battery module, a resistor unit connected to the switch, a voltage measuring unit measuring a voltage applied to the resistor unit, a relay connected between the battery module and a load, and a controller controlling the switch and the relay to be short-circuited and diagnosing a state of the relay based on the voltage measured by the voltage measuring unit.

A relay state management apparatus including a switch connected to an end of a battery module, a resistor unit connected to the switch, a voltage measuring unit measuring a voltage applied to the resistor unit, a relay connected between the battery module and a load, and a controller controlling the switch and the relay to be short-circuited and diagnosing a state of the relay based on the voltage measured by the voltage measuring unit.

A high voltage phasing voltmeter comprises first and second probes. Each probe comprises an electrode for contacting a high voltage electrical conductor. The electrodes are connected in series with a resistor. A meter comprises a housing enclosing an electrical circuit for measuring true rms voltage. The electrical circuit comprises an input circuit for connection to the first and second probes and developing a scaled voltage representing measured voltage across the electrodes. A converter circuit converts the scaled voltage to a DC signal representing true rms value of the measured voltage. A peak hold circuit is connected to the converter circuit to hold a peak value of the true rms value. A display is connected to the peak hold circuit for displaying the peak value of the true rms value.

A high voltage phasing voltmeter comprises first and second probes. Each probe comprises an electrode for contacting a high voltage electrical conductor. The electrodes are connected in series with a resistor. A meter comprises a housing enclosing an electrical circuit for measuring true rms voltage. The electrical circuit comprises an input circuit for connection to the first and second probes and developing a scaled voltage representing measured voltage across the electrodes. A converter circuit converts the scaled voltage to a DC signal representing true rms value of the measured voltage. A peak hold circuit is connected to the converter circuit to hold a peak value of the true rms value. A display is connected to the peak hold circuit for displaying the peak value of the true rms value.

A method for calculating a maximum output current of multiple thyristor converters connected in parallel, step 1: setting an operating time t; step 2: assuming a trigger angle; step 3: calculating a maximum output current of a single converter according to an output current model for the single converter; step 4: equally dividing a total output DC current into a plurality of parts according to a working duration of six converter bridge arms, thereby obtaining a pulse operating current of a single bridge arm; step 5: checking whether a present junction temperature of a thyristor is below a limiting temperature based on a thermal resistance model for the thyristor, if no, correcting the trigger angle, and repeating step 2 to step 5 until the condition is met; step 6: giving a present trigger angle; and step 7: giving a maximum output current of multiple converters connected in parallel.

A method for calculating a maximum output current of multiple thyristor converters connected in parallel, step 1: setting an operating time t; step 2: assuming a trigger angle; step 3: calculating a maximum output current of a single converter according to an output current model for the single converter; step 4: equally dividing a total output DC current into a plurality of parts according to a working duration of six converter bridge arms, thereby obtaining a pulse operating current of a single bridge arm; step 5: checking whether a present junction temperature of a thyristor is below a limiting temperature based on a thermal resistance model for the thyristor, if no, correcting the trigger angle, and repeating step 2 to step 5 until the condition is met; step 6: giving a present trigger angle; and step 7: giving a maximum output current of multiple converters connected in parallel.

A method for calculating a maximum output current of multiple thyristor converters connected in parallel, step 1: setting an operating time t; step 2: assuming a trigger angle; step 3: calculating a maximum output current of a single converter according to an output current model for the single converter; step 4: equally dividing a total output DC current into a plurality of parts according to a working duration of six converter bridge arms, thereby obtaining a pulse operating current of a single bridge arm; step 5: checking whether a present junction temperature of a thyristor is below a limiting temperature based on a thermal resistance model for the thyristor, if no, correcting the trigger angle, and repeating step 2 to step 5 until the condition is met; step 6: giving a present trigger angle; and step 7: giving a maximum output current of multiple converters connected in parallel.

A method for calculating a maximum output current of multiple thyristor converters connected in parallel, step 1: setting an operating time t; step 2: assuming a trigger angle; step 3: calculating a maximum output current of a single converter according to an output current model for the single converter; step 4: equally dividing a total output DC current into a plurality of parts according to a working duration of six converter bridge arms, thereby obtaining a pulse operating current of a single bridge arm; step 5: checking whether a present junction temperature of a thyristor is below a limiting temperature based on a thermal resistance model for the thyristor, if no, correcting the trigger angle, and repeating step 2 to step 5 until the condition is met; step 6: giving a present trigger angle; and step 7: giving a maximum output current of multiple converters connected in parallel.

An integrated circuit (IC) is provided with a plurality of diode based mm-wave peak voltage detectors (PVD)s. During a testing phase, a multi-point low frequency calibration test is performed on one or more of the PVDs to determine and store a set of alternating current (AC) coefficients. During operation of the IC, a current-voltage sweep is performed on a selected one of the PVDs to determine a process and temperature direct current (DC) coefficient. A peak voltage produced by the PVD in response to a high frequency radio frequency (RF) signal is measured to produce a first measured voltage. An approximate power of the RF signal is calculated by adjusting the first measured voltage using the DC coefficient and the AC coefficient.

An integrated circuit (IC) is provided with a plurality of diode based mm-wave peak voltage detectors (PVD)s. During a testing phase, a multi-point low frequency calibration test is performed on one or more of the PVDs to determine and store a set of alternating current (AC) coefficients. During operation of the IC, a current-voltage sweep is performed on a selected one of the PVDs to determine a process and temperature direct current (DC) coefficient. A peak voltage produced by the PVD in response to a high frequency radio frequency (RF) signal is measured to produce a first measured voltage. An approximate power of the RF signal is calculated by adjusting the first measured voltage using the DC coefficient and the AC coefficient.