A tool with three pins arranged in a row that three pinholes arranged in a row such as those found on a motor controller could easily connect to and disconnect from, that, when connected to a motor controller, identifies which of the three wires is positively charged, and whether the voltage difference is above 9 volts. Should one of the outer two wires be positively charged, and consequently not the middle one, or should the voltage difference be greater than 9 volts, then the motor controller would be faultily wired, consequently breaking any receiver that the motor controller connects to.

One example includes a flux switch system. The system includes an input stage configured to provide an interrogation pulse. The system also includes a plurality of flux loops configured to receive an input current. Each of the flux loops includes a Josephson junction configured to trigger to generate an output pulse in response to a first polarity of the input current and to not trigger to generate no output pulse in response to a second polarity of the input current opposite the first polarity. The system further includes an output stage configured to propagate the output pulse to an output of the flux switch system.

One example includes a flux switch system. The system includes an input stage configured to provide an interrogation pulse. The system also includes a plurality of flux loops configured to receive an input current. Each of the flux loops includes a Josephson junction configured to trigger to generate an output pulse in response to a first polarity of the input current and to not trigger to generate no output pulse in response to a second polarity of the input current opposite the first polarity. The system further includes an output stage configured to propagate the output pulse to an output of the flux switch system.

A single-mode quasi constant frequency controller apparatus for controlling output voltage deviation during one or more load transients, the controller apparatus comprising: a converter receiving one or more operational control parameters; a load tracking modulator configured to receive sensory inputs representative of a capacitor current polarity, and to control one or more power transistors of the converter such that an inductor current matches a load current cycle and reconstructs a desired inductor current ripple by splitting both an on-time for inductor charging and an off-time for inductor discharging into a current correction phase (CCP) and a ripple reconstruction phase (RRP), the load tracking modulator communicating the one or more operational control parameters for controlling the one or more power transistors.

A single-mode quasi constant frequency controller apparatus for controlling output voltage deviation during one or more load transients, the controller apparatus comprising: a converter receiving one or more operational control parameters; a load tracking modulator configured to receive sensory inputs representative of a capacitor current polarity, and to control one or more power transistors of the converter such that an inductor current matches a load current cycle and reconstructs a desired inductor current ripple by splitting both an on-time for inductor charging and an off-time for inductor discharging into a current correction phase (CCP) and a ripple reconstruction phase (RRP), the load tracking modulator communicating the one or more operational control parameters for controlling the one or more power transistors.

A DC-DC converter of a synchronous rectification type includes a synchronous rectification transistor and a backflow detection circuit which detects a reverse current based on a voltage across the synchronous rectification transistor. The backflow detection circuit includes a first-stage differential input circuit including a first transistor, a first resistor, a second transistor, a second resistor and a fifth transistor, and a second-stage differential input circuit including a third transistor and a fourth transistor. The fifth transistor is of a same conductive type as the synchronous rectification transistor and contains a drain connected to the other end of the first resistor with respect to an end connected to the first transistor.

A DC-DC converter of a synchronous rectification type includes a synchronous rectification transistor and a backflow detection circuit which detects a reverse current based on a voltage across the synchronous rectification transistor. The backflow detection circuit includes a first-stage differential input circuit including a first transistor, a first resistor, a second transistor, a second resistor and a fifth transistor, and a second-stage differential input circuit including a third transistor and a fourth transistor. The fifth transistor is of a same conductive type as the synchronous rectification transistor and contains a drain connected to the other end of the first resistor with respect to an end connected to the first transistor.

In exemplary embodiments, HVAC controls and corresponding error detection methods are disclosed. In an exemplary embodiment, an HVAC control generally includes an analog input configured to receive an analog signal, and an error indicator. The control is configured to receive a neutral signal at the analog input, measure a voltage of the neutral signal with respect to earth ground, to operate the error indicator to provide a first indicator status indicative of a bad ground state if the voltage is between a first voltage threshold and a second voltage threshold, and to operate the error indicator to provide a second indicator status of a reverse polarity state if the voltage is above the second threshold. The HVAC control may include at least four different indicator statuses. The HVAC control may include a comparator.

In exemplary embodiments, HVAC controls and corresponding error detection methods are disclosed. In an exemplary embodiment, an HVAC control generally includes an analog input configured to receive an analog signal, and an error indicator. The control is configured to receive a neutral signal at the analog input, measure a voltage of the neutral signal with respect to earth ground, to operate the error indicator to provide a first indicator status indicative of a bad ground state if the voltage is between a first voltage threshold and a second voltage threshold, and to operate the error indicator to provide a second indicator status of a reverse polarity state if the voltage is above the second threshold. The HVAC control may include at least four different indicator statuses. The HVAC control may include a comparator.

A directional power detector device includes a directional coupling network including a first transmission path connected between a radio frequency (RF) input and an RF output, the first transmission path having a voltage transmission gain A, phase θ and characteristic impedance Zo, a second transmission path having the same voltage transmission gain A, phase θ and characteristic impedance Zo, and a resistor connected between the first transmission path at the RF output and the second transmission path, where the resistor has a value including the characteristic impedance Zo. The directional power detector device further includes a detector diode including an anode connected to the second transmission path and a cathode, a capacitor connected between the cathode of the detector diode and the RF input port, and a detector output connected to the cathode of the detector diode. The detector outputs a DC detector voltage when a forward RF signal is applied to the RF input, and outputs zero DC detector voltage when reverse RF signal is applied to the RF output.