A battery polarity determination circuit includes a battery accommodating unit including a first contact and a second contact to be in contact with respective electrode terminals of a battery, a control device that is connected via a resistor to a voltage lead-out point at which a voltage of the battery is led out and determines a polarity of the battery, a connection switching circuit capable of switching between a first connection state and a second connection state, and a diode having a cathode to be connected to a voltage read-in point at which the resistor and the control device are connected to each other, and an anode to be grounded, wherein the control device determines the polarity of the battery based on a voltage at the voltage read-in point according to the connection state of the connection switching circuit, and a forward voltage of the diode is set so that the voltage at the voltage read-in point is not less than a lower limit value of an absolute maximum rating of the control device.

A load zone of a DC system includes a connection interface for supplying the load zone with electrical energy, an electronic switch arranged between the connection interface and a DC bus, and at least two electrical devices connected in parallel to the DC bus. A voltage sensor measures a voltage across a fuse arranged between the DC bus and a respective electrical device. An evaluation unit identifies a defective device of the at least two electrical devices based on a polarity of the voltage measured by the voltage sensor across the fuse. A DC system with such a load zone and an energy source connected to the connection interface of the load zone, as well as a method for operating such load zone or DC system are also disclosed. A device is identified as being defective when the voltage measured across the fuse exceeds a specified limit value.

A load zone of a DC system includes a connection interface for supplying the load zone with electrical energy, an electronic switch arranged between the connection interface and a DC bus, and at least two electrical devices connected in parallel to the DC bus. A voltage sensor measures a voltage across a fuse arranged between the DC bus and a respective electrical device. An evaluation unit identifies a defective device of the at least two electrical devices based on a polarity of the voltage measured by the voltage sensor across the fuse. A DC system with such a load zone and an energy source connected to the connection interface of the load zone, as well as a method for operating such load zone or DC system are also disclosed. A device is identified as being defective when the voltage measured across the fuse exceeds a specified limit value.

Systems and methods for improving identification of issues associated with detecting anomalous conditions (e.g., electrical transient voltages) in electrical systems are disclosed herein. The anomalous conditions may be difficult to discern, for example, due to metering constraints of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) responsible for identifying the anomalous conditions in the electrical systems. In one aspect of this disclosure, a method to automatically identify metering constraints of one or more IEDs in an electrical system includes capturing at least one energy-related waveform using at least one of the IEDs in the electrical system, and processing electrical measurement data from, or derived from, the at least one energy-related waveform to identify anomalous characteristics in the electrical system. The anomalous characteristics may be indicative of an anomalous condition in the electrical system, for example. In response to identifying anomalous characteristics in the electrical measurement data, an event constraint model is built based on or by using the identified anomalous characteristics. Once built, the event constraint model is analyzed to determine if the at least one energy-related waveform is being adequately captured by the at least one of the IEDs. In response to determining the at least one energy-related waveform is not adequately captured, one or more actions may be taken to address the capturing inadequacy.

Systems and methods for improving identification of issues associated with detecting anomalous conditions (e.g., electrical transient voltages) in electrical systems are disclosed herein. The anomalous conditions may be difficult to discern, for example, due to metering constraints of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) responsible for identifying the anomalous conditions in the electrical systems. In one aspect of this disclosure, a method to automatically identify metering constraints of one or more IEDs in an electrical system includes capturing at least one energy-related waveform using at least one of the IEDs in the electrical system, and processing electrical measurement data from, or derived from, the at least one energy-related waveform to identify anomalous characteristics in the electrical system. The anomalous characteristics may be indicative of an anomalous condition in the electrical system, for example. In response to identifying anomalous characteristics in the electrical measurement data, an event constraint model is built based on or by using the identified anomalous characteristics. Once built, the event constraint model is analyzed to determine if the at least one energy-related waveform is being adequately captured by the at least one of the IEDs. In response to determining the at least one energy-related waveform is not adequately captured, one or more actions may be taken to address the capturing inadequacy.

A current sensor includes a lead frame having a plurality of leads, at least two of which form a current conductor configured to carry a current that generates a magnetic field and a substrate having first and second opposing surfaces, the first surface proximate to said current conductor and the second surface distal from the current conductor. A first magnetic field transducer is disposed on the substrate and a first coil is disposed on the substrate adjacent to the first magnetic field transducer, wherein the first magnetic field transducer and the first coil are positioned on a first side of the current conductor. A second magnetic field transducer is disposed on the substrate and a second coil is disposed on the substrate adjacent to the second magnetic field transducer, wherein the second magnetic field transducer and the second coil are positioned on a second side of the current conductor.

A current sensor includes a lead frame having a plurality of leads, at least two of which form a current conductor configured to carry a current that generates a magnetic field and a substrate having first and second opposing surfaces, the first surface proximate to said current conductor and the second surface distal from the current conductor. A first magnetic field transducer is disposed on the substrate and a first coil is disposed on the substrate adjacent to the first magnetic field transducer, wherein the first magnetic field transducer and the first coil are positioned on a first side of the current conductor. A second magnetic field transducer is disposed on the substrate and a second coil is disposed on the substrate adjacent to the second magnetic field transducer, wherein the second magnetic field transducer and the second coil are positioned on a second side of the current conductor.

A current determination circuit is configured to determine a state of current passing through a coil of a motor and includes a high side circuit, a low side circuit and a processor. The high side circuit is configured to output a first determination signal according to a first voltage between two ends of a first body diode of a high side transistor and the voltage level of a first control signal. The low side circuit is configured to output a second determination signal according to a second voltage between two ends of a second body diode of a low side transistor and the voltage level of a second control signal. The processor is configured to receive the first determination signal and the second determination signal and determine the state of current according to the voltage level of the first determination signal and the voltage level of the second determination signal.

A current determination circuit is configured to determine a state of current passing through a coil of a motor and includes a high side circuit, a low side circuit and a processor. The high side circuit is configured to output a first determination signal according to a first voltage between two ends of a first body diode of a high side transistor and the voltage level of a first control signal. The low side circuit is configured to output a second determination signal according to a second voltage between two ends of a second body diode of a low side transistor and the voltage level of a second control signal. The processor is configured to receive the first determination signal and the second determination signal and determine the state of current according to the voltage level of the first determination signal and the voltage level of the second determination signal.

A current detection circuit configured to detect a resonant current of a power supply circuit. The power supply circuit includes a resonant circuit that has an inductor and a first capacitor having a first end and a second end. The current detection circuit includes a second capacitor having a first end and a second end, and a non-linear circuit provided between the second end of the second capacitor and the second end of the first capacitor. The first end of the second capacitor is coupled to the first end of the first capacitor.