A battery management apparatus according to the present disclosure includes a voltage measurement circuit to measure a cell voltage of each of a plurality of battery cells; and a control unit to determine the cell voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells and a reference voltage of the plurality of battery cells at a preset time interval during a rest period. The control unit determines a first accumulated change of the cell voltage of each battery cell during the rest period. The control unit determines a second accumulated change of the reference voltage during the rest period. The control unit determines whether each battery cell is defective by comparing the first accumulated change of each battery cell with the second accumulated change.

Provided is a power detection circuit for tracking a maximum power point of a solar cell. The power detection circuit includes: an average voltage extracting unit which extracts an average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF from an external voltage V.sub.PV input from an external energy source; a ripple voltage extracting unit which extracts a ripple voltage including current information of the external voltage V.sub.PV from the external voltage V.sub.PV; a voltage-time converter which generates a ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP changing at a predetermined rate and converts the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF and the ripple voltage into corresponding time information t.sub.1 and t.sub.2 based on the ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP; a time-digital converter which converts the time information t.sub.2 for the ripple voltage into a digital code t.sub.2 [n:0]; and a time multiplier which multiplies the digital code t.sub.2 [n:0] and the time information t.sub.1 for the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF to output a specific voltage value.

Provided is a power detection circuit for tracking a maximum power point of a solar cell. The power detection circuit includes: an average voltage extracting unit which extracts an average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF from an external voltage V.sub.PV input from an external energy source; a ripple voltage extracting unit which extracts a ripple voltage including current information of the external voltage V.sub.PV from the external voltage V.sub.PV; a voltage-time converter which generates a ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP changing at a predetermined rate and converts the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF and the ripple voltage into corresponding time information t.sub.1 and t.sub.2 based on the ramp voltage V.sub.RAMP; a time-digital converter which converts the time information t.sub.2 for the ripple voltage into a digital code t.sub.2 [n:0]; and a time multiplier which multiplies the digital code t.sub.2 [n:0] and the time information t.sub.1 for the average voltage V.sub.PV,LPF to output a specific voltage value.

A solid-state switch, comprising at least one switch controller. At least one switch having a first terminal coupled to a power source, a second terminal coupled to the power source and a control terminal coupled to the switch controller and configured to selectively conduct and block current flow from the first terminal to the second terminal. At least one power converter coupled to the first terminal and the second terminal and configured to convert power from the power source from a first voltage level to a second voltage level and to provide power at the second voltage level to the switch controller.

A method is for protecting an electrical architecture including a protective device provided with a protective fuse capable of melting in a deteriorated mode of operation during which a breaking current having an amperage greater than a threshold is flowing through the architecture. The method includes, in a nominal mode of operation, periodically estimating a temperature of the fuse and controlling an amperage of a useful current flowing through the fuse such that the estimated temperature remains below a melting temperature of the fuse.

This system (40) for dynamically determining maximum electric current carrying capacities comprises: means (44) for storing a model (54) of a network portion (10), a thermal equilibrium relationship (56), operating limit temperatures and conduction parameters; and a receiver (46) for wind speed values measured by wind measurement stations (24, 26, 28, 30).

It further comprises a computer (48) programmed (62, 64, 66, 68) to: apply a model (60) of wind propagation from at least one selected station towards singular points of the model (54) of the network portion, in order to estimate a wind speed value at each singular point; and calculate at least one maximum capacity value at each singular point on the basis of the thermal equilibrium relationship (56), of each operating limit temperature, of each conduction parameter and of weather parameters (58), taking into account said wind speed value estimated at each singular point in the thermal equilibrium relationship (56).

This system (40) for dynamically determining maximum electric current carrying capacities comprises: means (44) for storing a model (54) of a network portion (10), a thermal equilibrium relationship (56), operating limit temperatures and conduction parameters; and a receiver (46) for wind speed values measured by wind measurement stations (24, 26, 28, 30).

It further comprises a computer (48) programmed (62, 64, 66, 68) to: apply a model (60) of wind propagation from at least one selected station towards singular points of the model (54) of the network portion, in order to estimate a wind speed value at each singular point; and calculate at least one maximum capacity value at each singular point on the basis of the thermal equilibrium relationship (56), of each operating limit temperature, of each conduction parameter and of weather parameters (58), taking into account said wind speed value estimated at each singular point in the thermal equilibrium relationship (56).

A current level extraction method for preventing cutoff is disclosed. The method may include starting a voltage sweep to an interconnection structure at a certain temperature, measuring an initial resistance of the interconnection structure, calculating a measured resistance of the interconnection structure according to a corresponding input voltage, determining whether or not a resistance ratio of the measured resistance of the interconnection structure to the initial resistance is equal to or less than a preset value, updating a current value corresponding to measured resistance to a potential maximum current level and repeating the step of calculating the measured resistance when the resistance ratio of the interconnection structure is equal to or less than the preset value, and setting the current value corresponding to the measured resistance as a maximum current level when the resistance ratio of the interconnection structure is greater than the preset value.

A current level extraction method for preventing cutoff is disclosed. The method may include starting a voltage sweep to an interconnection structure at a certain temperature, measuring an initial resistance of the interconnection structure, calculating a measured resistance of the interconnection structure according to a corresponding input voltage, determining whether or not a resistance ratio of the measured resistance of the interconnection structure to the initial resistance is equal to or less than a preset value, updating a current value corresponding to measured resistance to a potential maximum current level and repeating the step of calculating the measured resistance when the resistance ratio of the interconnection structure is equal to or less than the preset value, and setting the current value corresponding to the measured resistance as a maximum current level when the resistance ratio of the interconnection structure is greater than the preset value.

Disclosed is a device for detecting an output current of an inverter. The device for detecting an output current of an inverter according to the present disclosure includes a shunt resistor connected to an output end of a capacitor of a direct current (DC) link; a detector connected to the shunt resistor and configured to detect the output current; and a controller configured to control a sampling timing of a current in the detector.