According to various embodiments, a circuit arrangement is provided which includes a bridge circuit having at least two field effect transistors and a measurement circuit configured to measure a forward voltage of a body diode of any one of the at least two field effect transistors resulting from a current flowing through the field effect transistor.

According to various embodiments, a circuit arrangement is provided which includes a bridge circuit having at least two field effect transistors and a measurement circuit configured to measure a forward voltage of a body diode of any one of the at least two field effect transistors resulting from a current flowing through the field effect transistor.

A system and method for personal energy-related changes payback evaluation with the aid of a digital computer are provided. An overall thermal performance of a building is estimated. One or more proposed replacements for existing equipment associated with an individual associated with the building is received. An annual electric consumption associated with the existing equipment is determined. The consumption associated the existing equipment is converted into a time series that includes a plurality of values that are each associated with a time interval. Renewable energy production data associated with the building is obtained. The time series is combined with the photovoltaic production data to obtain time series net consumption data. A cost associated with the time series net consumption data is determined. A payback associated with replacing the existing equipment is estimated using the cost.

A system and method for personal energy-related changes payback evaluation with the aid of a digital computer are provided. An overall thermal performance of a building is estimated. One or more proposed replacements for existing equipment associated with an individual associated with the building is received. An annual electric consumption associated with the existing equipment is determined. The consumption associated the existing equipment is converted into a time series that includes a plurality of values that are each associated with a time interval. Renewable energy production data associated with the building is obtained. The time series is combined with the photovoltaic production data to obtain time series net consumption data. A cost associated with the time series net consumption data is determined. A payback associated with replacing the existing equipment is estimated using the cost.

Disclosed is a radio frequency (RF) power calorimeter having a load electrically coupled to a RF input, a variable low-frequency power source electrically coupled to the load and configured to apply low-frequency bias to the load. The RF power calorimeter includes a thermal medium thermally coupled to the load. Additionally, the RF power calorimeter includes an outlet temperature sensor thermally coupled to the thermal medium, the outlet temperature sensor being positioned to measure the temperature of the thermal medium due to heating by the load. The RF power calorimeter also has circuitry configured to use temperature measurements of the thermal medium in thermal contact with an RF load in combination with the low-frequency bias to measure average power of an RF source electrically coupled to the RF input. Also disclosed in a method of measuring RF power using the RF power calorimeter.

Disclosed is a radio frequency (RF) power calorimeter having a load electrically coupled to a RF input, a variable low-frequency power source electrically coupled to the load and configured to apply low-frequency bias to the load. The RF power calorimeter includes a thermal medium thermally coupled to the load. Additionally, the RF power calorimeter includes an outlet temperature sensor thermally coupled to the thermal medium, the outlet temperature sensor being positioned to measure the temperature of the thermal medium due to heating by the load. The RF power calorimeter also has circuitry configured to use temperature measurements of the thermal medium in thermal contact with an RF load in combination with the low-frequency bias to measure average power of an RF source electrically coupled to the RF input. Also disclosed in a method of measuring RF power using the RF power calorimeter.

A power estimation circuit including: a power estimation manager circuit configured to receive power data and temperature data; and a storage circuit that includes a first region storing resistive-capacitive (RC) thermal modeling data, a second region storing the power data and a third region storing the temperature data, wherein the power estimation manager circuit is configured to estimate power consumption of a first node at a second time point, which occurs after a first time point, using the RC thermal modeling data, the power data and the temperature data.

An apparatus and a system measure electrical power with improved accuracy as a result of compensating for sources of thermal energy that are not caused by the electrical power of the electrical circuit under test. The apparatuses and systems provide a separate electrical signal source (e.g. RF electrical circuits under test) and DC sides. The apparatuses and systems include devices adapted to convert thermal energy into voltages having reversed polarities. The apparatuses and systems are adapted to compensate for temperature changes not caused by the electrical power of the electrical circuit under test (e.g., ambient temperature change and thermal energy transmitted through the signal transmission lines from sources in the electrical circuit).

An apparatus and a system measure electrical power with improved accuracy as a result of compensating for sources of thermal energy that are not caused by the electrical power of the electrical circuit under test. The apparatuses and systems provide a separate electrical signal source (e.g. RF electrical circuits under test) and DC sides. The apparatuses and systems include devices adapted to convert thermal energy into voltages having reversed polarities. The apparatuses and systems are adapted to compensate for temperature changes not caused by the electrical power of the electrical circuit under test (e.g., ambient temperature change and thermal energy transmitted through the signal transmission lines from sources in the electrical circuit).

Methods and systems for redundant power detection, including forward power and reverse power, utilize sensors separate from microwave power sensors. The redundant power detection can be compared to measurements of the microwave power sensors to ensure that the sensors are operating correctly.