Techniques are provided to more accurately determine reflected power, reflection coefficient, and/or voltage standing wave to permit prompt protection of components such as power amplifiers and notify communication system operators. This is accomplished by more accurately determining an amplitude and phase of an output reflected signal at an output port of a bidirectional coupler as a function of the following: an amplitude and a phase of a coupled forward signal coupled into a forward coupled port of the bidirectional coupler; an amplitude and a phase of a coupled reverse signal coupled into a reverse coupled port of the bidirectional coupler; an electrical transmission parameter from an input port of the bidirectional coupler to the forward coupled port; an electrical transmission parameter from the input port to the reverse coupled port; and an electrical transmission parameter from an output port of the bidirectional coupler to the reverse coupled port.

Techniques are provided to more accurately determine reflected power, reflection coefficient, and/or voltage standing wave to permit prompt protection of components such as power amplifiers and notify communication system operators. This is accomplished by more accurately determining an amplitude and phase of an output reflected signal at an output port of a bidirectional coupler as a function of the following: an amplitude and a phase of a coupled forward signal coupled into a forward coupled port of the bidirectional coupler; an amplitude and a phase of a coupled reverse signal coupled into a reverse coupled port of the bidirectional coupler; an electrical transmission parameter from an input port of the bidirectional coupler to the forward coupled port; an electrical transmission parameter from the input port to the reverse coupled port; and an electrical transmission parameter from an output port of the bidirectional coupler to the reverse coupled port.

In a measurement system, a signal probing circuit may provide probed signals by probing voltages and currents and/or incident and reflected waves at a port of a device under test (DUT). A multi-channel receiver structure may include receivers that receive two probed signals from the signal probing hardware circuit, each receiver having its own sample clock derived from a master clock and further having a respective digitizer for digitizing a corresponding one of the two probed signals. A synchronization block, external to the receivers and including a reference clock derived from the master clock, may enable the two probed signals to be phase coherently digitized across the receivers by synchronizing the respective sample clocks of the receivers while the reference clock is being shared with the receivers. A signal processing circuit may then process the phase coherently digitized probed signals.

A device for measuring and/or monitoring tire-related variables of a vehicle, having a sensor unit for transmitting, receiving and processing signals, wherein a transmission signal is emitted by an antenna unit of the sensor unit in the direction of an object being measured and wherein a reflection signal reflected by the object being measured is received and analysed, the sensor unit having a transceiver device, via by means of which a reflection factor, formed as the quotient from the reflection signal reflected by the object being measured and the transmission signal, is measured and via which a resonance frequency and/or a phase difference between the transmission signal and the reflection signal is determined, wherein the transceiver unit comprises a vector network analyser and an analysis unit, so that a distance to the object being measured is established by detecting the phase difference between the transmission signal and the reflection signal.

The application discloses a RF vector measurement system including: a first port for generating a RF pulse, a pulse splitter for splitting the pulse into a first pulse send to a device-under-test DUT, and a second pulse send as a reference to a first quantum sensor of the system. The system is arranged to supply a third pulse, which is produced by reflecting or transmitting the first by the DUT, to at least one second quantum sensor phase-correlated with said first quantum sensor by entanglement. A computing unit is arranged to perform a measurement of the DUT by: reading out the state of the population of the first and the second quantum sensor, wherein the state of the second quantum sensor is based on the relative phase and relative amplitude of the second pulse and the third pulse, and determining the relative phase and relative amplitude of the second pulse and the third pulse as the closest match when applying a quantum sensor model for the second quantum sensor, the model being designed to model the dependencies between the relative phase and amplitude and the resulting population state.

The disclosure relates to accurately determining a DC energy signal, such as a DC current or DC voltage, which may be particularly useful when controlling a formation/testing current of a battery cell during formation and/or testing. In the battery formation/testing context, a current sensor is used to measure the current of the battery cell, which is used as a feedback signal for controlling the current to achieve a target current. The transfer function of the current sensor is used to improve the accuracy of the current measurement. Because the transfer function can be regularly determined during formation/testing, a lower-cost current sensor with relatively poor temperature coefficient may be used. Any change in the gain of the current sensor may be detected by the transfer function determination and corrected for. Therefore, high current control accuracy may be achieved at lower cost.

An apparatus is provided that can estimate a transfer function, for example of current measurement systems, voltage measurement systems and power measurement systems, and also provide an estimate of certainty about the transfer function. This enables customers to have confidence that they are not being overcharged for electricity.

A method for detecting failures in electrical cable assemblies is provided. A cable test instrument obtains frequency domain data representing electrical characteristics of a cable link under test. A number of connectors in the cable link under test is determined based on the obtained frequency domain data. An estimated location of each of the connectors along the length of the cable link under test is determined by the cable test instrument. The connectors are ranked in accordance with their respective contribution to detected failures in the cable link under test.

A method for detecting failures in electrical cable assemblies is provided. A cable test instrument obtains frequency domain data representing electrical characteristics of a cable link under test. A number of connectors in the cable link under test is determined based on the obtained frequency domain data. An estimated location of each of the connectors along the length of the cable link under test is determined by the cable test instrument. The connectors are ranked in accordance with their respective contribution to detected failures in the cable link under test.

A method for testing the transmission and reflection properties of an automotive radome body is described. An automotive radome body is placed at an installation location. A first signal is sent via at least one transmission antenna of an antenna system facing a first side of the radome body wherein the reflected part of the first signal is received by several receiving antennas of the antenna system facing the first side in order to determine the reflection properties of the radome body. A second signal is sent via a remote transmission antenna facing a second side of the radome body being opposite to the first side wherein the transmitted part of the second signal is received by the several receiving antennas of the antenna system in order to determine the transmission properties of the radome body. Further, an apparatus is described.