A quantum modulation classifier. The quantum modulation classifier includes a trained quantum variational classifier including a plurality of qubits. The quantum variational classifier includes an embedding stage operable to apply a quantum embedding technique to embed a modulated radio signal, a variational stage operable to receive the modulated radio signal from the embedding stage and pass the modulated radio signal through a plurality of variational layers, and a measurement stage operable to receive the modulated radio signal from the variational stage and extract measurement results to classify the modulated radio signal.

A quantum modulation classifier. The quantum modulation classifier includes a trained quantum variational classifier including a plurality of qubits. The quantum variational classifier includes an embedding stage operable to apply a quantum embedding technique to embed a modulated radio signal, a variational stage operable to receive the modulated radio signal from the embedding stage and pass the modulated radio signal through a plurality of variational layers, and a measurement stage operable to receive the modulated radio signal from the variational stage and extract measurement results to classify the modulated radio signal.