A system and method are disclosed of electrostatic alignment and surface assembly of photonic crystals for dynamic color exhibition. The method includes: dispersing a plurality of photonic crystal chains into a solution; placing the solution of the plurality of photonic crystal chains in a container; and assembling and aligning the plurality of photonic crystal chains in the solution by a local charge build up on a surface of the container to exhibit color.

A system and method are disclosed of electrostatic alignment and surface assembly of photonic crystals for dynamic color exhibition. The method includes: dispersing a plurality of photonic crystal chains into a solution; placing the solution of the plurality of photonic crystal chains in a container; and assembling and aligning the plurality of photonic crystal chains in the solution by a local charge build up on a surface of the container to exhibit color.

In some examples, an electronic device includes a printed circuit board. In some examples, the printed circuit board includes a conductive base layer. In some examples, the conductive base layer is an electrode to produce a signal indicative of a change in an omnidirectional electrostatic field corresponding to a moving object. In some examples, the printed circuit board includes a via coupled to the conductive base layer. In some examples, the via is disposed through an intermediate layer of the printed circuit board. In some examples, the printed circuit board includes an integrated circuit coupled to the via. In some examples, the integrated circuit is to detect, using a machine learning model, a direction of the moving object in the omnidirectional electrostatic field based on a feature of the signal.

In some examples, an electronic device includes a printed circuit board. In some examples, the printed circuit board includes a conductive base layer. In some examples, the conductive base layer is an electrode to produce a signal indicative of a change in an omnidirectional electrostatic field corresponding to a moving object. In some examples, the printed circuit board includes a via coupled to the conductive base layer. In some examples, the via is disposed through an intermediate layer of the printed circuit board. In some examples, the printed circuit board includes an integrated circuit coupled to the via. In some examples, the integrated circuit is to detect, using a machine learning model, a direction of the moving object in the omnidirectional electrostatic field based on a feature of the signal.

Systems and methods to estimate trapped charge for a controlled automatic reclose are described herein. For example, an intelligent electronic device (IED) may calculate an analog amount of trapped charge of each phase of a power line based on voltage measurements of the power line. The IED may close a switching device of each phase at a time corresponding to a point-on-wave associated with the analog amount of trapped charge of the respective phase.

Systems and methods to estimate trapped charge for a controlled automatic reclose are described herein. For example, an intelligent electronic device (IED) may calculate an analog amount of trapped charge of each phase of a power line based on voltage measurements of the power line. The IED may close a switching device of each phase at a time corresponding to a point-on-wave associated with the analog amount of trapped charge of the respective phase.

A system and method are disclosed of electrostatic alignment and surface assembly of photonic crystals for dynamic color exhibition. The method includes aligning a plurality of photonic crystal chains in a solution to exhibit color.

A system and method are disclosed of electrostatic alignment and surface assembly of photonic crystals for dynamic color exhibition. The method includes aligning a plurality of photonic crystal chains in a solution to exhibit color.

The present disclosure provides a measuring system. The measuring system includes an insulative tube, a capacitor and a static charge meter. The insulative tube is configured to allow a fluid to flow therethrough. The capacitor is disposed on a surface of a section of the insulative tube. The capacitor includes a first metallic layer, a second metallic layer opposite to the first metallic layer, and a dielectric layer sandwiched between the first metallic layer and the second metallic layer. The static charge meter is electrically coupled to the capacitor and configured to measure static charge accumulated inside the section of the insulative tube.

The present disclosure provides a measuring system. The measuring system includes an insulative tube, a capacitor and a static charge meter. The insulative tube is configured to allow a fluid to flow therethrough. The capacitor is disposed on a surface of a section of the insulative tube. The capacitor includes a first metallic layer, a second metallic layer opposite to the first metallic layer, and a dielectric layer sandwiched between the first metallic layer and the second metallic layer. The static charge meter is electrically coupled to the capacitor and configured to measure static charge accumulated inside the section of the insulative tube.