A first magnetic member is provided in a region farther inward than an outer peripheral edge of a first magnetoresistance element. A second magnetoresistance element is provided in a region farther inward than an inner peripheral edge of the first magnetoresistance element and is covered by the first magnetic member or is provided in a region farther outward than the outer peripheral edge of the first magnetoresistance element and is covered by a second magnetic member. A first conductor includes a first base section and a first narrow section. The area of the exterior surface of the first narrow section as viewed from a direction perpendicular to an insulating layer is smaller than that of the first base section. In the first conductor, the first base section and the first narrow section are arranged side by side in the direction perpendicular to the insulating layer.

Using the Meissner effect in superconductors, demonstrated here is the capability to create an arbitrarily high magnetic flux density (also sometimes referred to as “flux squeezing”). This technique has immediate applications for numerous technologies. For example, it allows the generation of very large magnetic fields (e.g., exceeding 1 Tesla) for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the generation of controlled magnetic fields for advanced superconducting quantum computing devices, and/or the like. The magnetic field concentration/increased flux density approaches can be applied to both static magnetic fields (i.e., direct current (DC) magnetic fields) and time-varying magnetic fields (i.e., alternating current (AC) magnetic fields) up to microwave frequencies.

A position sensor system comprises a magnetic strip extending in a readout direction and comprising magnetic poles alternating at a constant pitch along the readout direction. At least a first differential magnetoresistive sensor comprises magnetoresistive sensing elements spaced at the pitch. The magnetic poles of the magnetic strip and the first differential magnetoresistive sensor are movable with respect to each other in the readout direction.

A magnetization measurement device includes: a current supply part supplying a periodically changing current to a sample made of a soft magnetic material with uniaxial magnetic anisotropy in a first direction and a bias magnetic field applied in a second direction crossing the first direction; a light irradiation part irradiating a surface of the sample with linearly polarized pulse light having a predetermined delay time with respect to the current and having a predetermined polarized surface; and a measurement part measuring magnetization of the sample at the delay time based on reflected light of the pulse light reflected by the surface of the sample. These enable the measurement of the change in the magnetization of the sample over time, which corresponds to supply of the periodically changing current.

A gate detection robot based on a giant magnetoresistance element includes a support, a guide wheel, and two driving wheels are provided at the bottom of the support. The support is provided with a controller, a range-based localization module, and a magnetic flaw detection sensor based on the giant magnetoresistance element. The magnetic flaw detection sensor includes an excitation mechanism, a giant magnetic sensor, and two magnetic concentrators. During detection, the excitation mechanism magnetizes a gate with a magnetic field as a medium. When the surface of the gate has a defect, the magnetic conductivity of the local area is reduced and the magnetic resistance is increased so that magnetic lines are distorted and diffused outside the gate to form a detectable leakage magnetic field signal, the signal is transmitted to the controller, so that the controller obtains a specific location of the detection robot.

A magnetic sensor includes a magnetic field converter, a magnetic field detector, and a plurality of shields aligned in a Y direction. The magnetic field converter includes a plurality of yokes. Each yoke has a shape elongated in the Y direction, and is configured to receive an input magnetic field component in a direction parallel to a Z direction and to output an output magnetic field component in a direction parallel to an X direction. The magnetic field detector includes a plurality of trains of elements. Each train of elements includes a plurality of MR elements that are aligned in the Y direction along one yoke and connected in series. Each shield has such a shape that its maximum dimension in the Y direction is smaller than its maximum dimension in the X direction.

A magnetic sensor includes a magnetic field converter, a magnetic field detector, and a plurality of shields aligned in a Y direction. The magnetic field converter includes a plurality of yokes. Each yoke has a shape elongated in the Y direction, and is configured to receive an input magnetic field component in a direction parallel to a Z direction and to output an output magnetic field component in a direction parallel to an X direction. The magnetic field detector includes a plurality of trains of elements. Each train of elements includes a plurality of MR elements that are aligned in the Y direction along one yoke and connected in series. Each shield has such a shape that its maximum dimension in the Y direction is smaller than its maximum dimension in the X direction.

A magnetic sensor device includes a first detection circuit that generates a first detection signal, a coil through which a feedback current is passed to generate a cancellation magnetic field, a second detection circuit that generates a second detection signal having a correspondence with a value of the feedback current, and a control circuit that controls the feedback current. In a closed-loop operation, the control circuit controls the feedback current so that the first detection signal has a constant value. In an open-loop operation, the control circuit maintains the feedback current at a constant value.

A dual Z-axis magnetoresistive angle sensor comprising a circular permanent magnet encoding disc, two Z-axis magnetoresistive senor chips, and a PCB, two Z-axis magnetoresistive sensors are placed on the PCB. The magnetic sensing directions of the Z-axis magnetoresistive sensors are orthogonal to the substrate. Each Z-axis magnetoresistive sensor chip comprises a substrate and at least one magnetoresistive sensor located on the substrate. The magnetic field sensitive direction of the magnetoresistive sensor is perpendicular to the substrate. The magnetoresistive sensor comprises a flux concentrator and a magnetoresistive sensor unit. The magnetoresistive sensor unit is connected electrically into a push-pull structure. The push arm and pull arm of the magnetoresistive sensor are respectively located at two side positions equidistant from Y-axis central line and above or below the flux concentrator. The circular permanent magnet encoding disc has a magnetization direction parallel to the diameter direction. When the circular permanent encoding disc rotates, a magnetic field measurement angle is calculated via orthogonal magnetic fields measured by the two z-axis magnetoresistive sensor chip. The magnetic field measurement angle can be used for representing a rotation angle of the circular permanent magnetic encoding disc. This dual Z-axis magnetoresistive angle sensor's structure is simple, and it also has the characteristics of high sensitivity and high spatial flexibility.

A one-dimensional magnetic field sensor comprises a support, a single elongated magnetic field concentrator or two magnetic field concentrators, which are separated by a first gap, and at least one magnetic sensor element. The magnetic field concentrator, or both thereof, consists of at least two parts which are separated from each other by second gaps. A two-dimensional magnetic field sensor comprises a support, a single magnetic field concentrator which consists of at least three parts which are separated from each other by gaps, and at least two magnetic sensor elements.