A method and system are disclosed for a network node or wireless device (WD) to communicate with another WD or network node. The node or WD is configured to perform at least one timing measurement over a measurement period (T1) on signals transmitted between the node or WD and another node or WD and, during T1, determine if there is any change in a fixed time offset (FTO) used by the nodes for transmitting a reference signal. If there is a change in the FTO over T1, the network nodes or WDs are configured to perform an operational task and, if not, continue performing the timing measurement over T1. The operational tasks may include discarding the timing measurement, restarting the timing measurement, extending the measurement time, informing another node about a change in the FTO or informing another node about an action taken by the network node or WD.

A method (700, 800), system (3210) and apparatus (900, 1000) are disclosed. According to one aspect, a method (700) for determining positioning is performed by a wireless device (1000). The method (700) comprising: receiving (720) a reference signal and performing a positioning measurement based on the received reference signal; receiving (730) positioning information based on the received reference signal, wherein the received positioning information comprises a positioning measurement reported by a neighbouring wireless device performed on the reference signal; and determining (740) further positioning information based on the positioning measurement and the received positioning information.

A method of measuring positioning signals at a user equipment (UE) includes: obtaining, at the UE, one or more transmission characteristics corresponding to each of a plurality of positioning signals; obtaining, at the UE, topographic information regarding physical features of a region associated with the UE and the plurality of positioning signals; determining, at the UE, one or more selected positioning signals, of the plurality of positioning signals, to measure based on the one or more transmission characteristics and the topographic information; and measuring, at the UE, the one or more selected positioning signals to produce one or more measurements.

In an aspect, a UE receives a set of tracking reference signal (TRS) configurations associated with a respective set of cells, and performs a set of spatial measurements associated with a set of TRSs on resources configured by the respective set of TRS configurations. In a further aspect, a cell (e.g., a serving cell of the UE or a non-serving cell of the UE) determines a TRS configuration, and transmits, to the UE in association with a spatial measurement procedure, a TRS on at least one resource configured by the TRS configuration.

A method (1) for passively locating a radio emission source (2a, 2b) is described. The method includes including receiving radio signal datasets (D) corresponding to each of three of more sensors (3). Each sensor (3) includes at least one radio receiver (4). The method also includes receiving or retrieving a physical location corresponding to each sensor (3). The physical locations define a convex hull (5). The method also includes determining whether an emitter signal (8) within a target frequency range is present in any of the radio signal datasets (D), and assigning any radio signal dataset which comprises the emitter signal as a detection dataset. The method also includes, in response to determining three or more detection datasets, calculating a signal location (r) based on arrival times of the emitter signal and the respective physical locations. The method also includes generating a locus of possible positions based on calculating two or more alternative signal locations. Each alternative signal location is calculated by adding synthetic noise to one or more of the detection datasets and repeating the calculations used to calculate the signal location. When the signal location is inside the convex hull, cluster filtering based on circles or spheres is applied. When the signal location is outside the convex hull, cluster filtering is based on ellipses or ellipsoids and on the locus of possible positions. The method also includes outputting one or more estimated radio emission source locations. Each estimated radio emission source location is determined based on a respective cluster of signal locations.

A mobile radio apparatus transmits to a plurality of fixed radio apparatuses, a fingerprint that indicates a reception strength distribution of radio signals from the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses. Each of the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses in which a learning model is installed inputs the fingerprint to the learning model and transmits a degree of proximity of the mobile radio apparatus output from the learning model to another one or more of the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses, and determines a position of the mobile radio apparatus, based on a first degree of proximity output from the learning model and a second degree of proximity received from the other one or more of the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses.

A mobile radio apparatus transmits to a plurality of fixed radio apparatuses, a fingerprint that indicates a reception strength distribution of radio signals from the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses. Each of the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses in which a learning model is installed inputs the fingerprint to the learning model and transmits a degree of proximity of the mobile radio apparatus output from the learning model to another one or more of the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses, and determines a position of the mobile radio apparatus, based on a first degree of proximity output from the learning model and a second degree of proximity received from the other one or more of the plurality of fixed radio apparatuses.

Disclosed are techniques for positioning. In an aspect, a network entity receives, from at least one network node, a measurement report including one or more radio frequency fingerprint (RFFP) measurements, wherein the one or more RFFP measurements include at least one RFFP measurement of at least one sidelink channel between a first user equipment (UE) and a second UE, determines one or more locations of a target UE based on the one or more RFFP measurements and a machine learning module, wherein the machine learning module is trained based on previously collected RFFP measurements of one or more downlink channels, RFFP measurements of one or more uplink channels, RFFP measurements of one or more sidelink channels, locations of one or more sidelink anchor UEs, locations of one or more base stations, or any combination thereof.

Provided is a monitoring system including an image obtaining apparatus and an image processing apparatus. The image obtaining apparatus includes: a camera; a beacon sensor; a processor configured to match beacon information obtained by detecting, by the beacon sensor, a beacon attached to an object existing in a monitoring region, to an image of the monitoring region captured by the camera; and a memory storing the image matched with the beacon information.

A method for remote control of at least one non-ultra wide band (nUWB) device in a space by an electronic device is provided. The method includes identifying a position using at least one ultra wideband (UWB) anchor in the space, determining a field of view based on the position of the electronic device in the space, identifying the at least one nUWB device within the field of view, and establishing communication with the at least one nUWB device.