In some examples, a system includes a transceiver configured to transmit a first surveillance message at a first power level at or below a first maximum power level. The system also includes processing circuitry coupled to the transceiver, the processing circuitry configured to determine that a threshold condition exists. The processing circuitry is also configured to determine a second maximum power level in response to determining that the threshold condition exists, where the second maximum power level is lower than the first maximum power level. The transceiver is configured to transmit, in response to the processing circuitry determining that the threshold condition exists, a second surveillance message at a second power level, wherein the second power level is at or below the second maximum power level.

Techniques for planning locations of receiver systems for an environmental sensing capabilities (ESC) system are provided. An ESC system is used to detect activity of primary users in shared spectra. The techniques can be used to reduce dead zone area(s), created by the receiver systems, for radios of secondary systems using the shared frequency spectrum.

The present disclosure relates to a radar apparatus including a circuit board provided inside a housing having an upper side open, and on which an RF element is mounted on an upper surface, and a cavity having an open lower side and coupled to the upper surface of the circuit board for accommodating the RF element, wherein the cavity includes a coupling portion extending downwardly in a region of a surface coupled to the circuit board, and the coupling portion is inserted into a coupling hole formed in the circuit board to contact a ground plane of the circuit board.

A method is provided for determining a road condition by using a radar system having transmitter and receiving units for transmitting and receiving radar waves having two different polarizations and providing transmit and receive signals indicating an intensity of the transmitted and received radar waves. Co-polarized backscattering coefficients and at least one cross-polarized backscattering coefficient are determined based on the transmit and receive signals. If the cross-polarized backscattering coefficient is greater than or equal to a threshold, the road condition is determined based on a ratio of the co-polarized backscattering coefficients and based on a difference of one of the co-polarized backscattering coefficients and the cross-polarized backscattering coefficient. If the cross-polarized backscattering coefficient is smaller than the threshold, the road condition is determined based on the ratio and a difference of the co-polarized backscattering coefficients.

A method is described below which can be used in a radar system. According to one example implementation, the method comprises providing a digital baseband signal using a radar receiver. The baseband signal comprises a plurality of segments, wherein each segment is assigned to a chirp of an emitted chirp sequence and each segment comprises a specific number of samples. For each signal sequence of n samples of the segments, where n in each case denotes a specific sample position within the respective segment, the method comprises the following: detecting interference-affected samples of the signal sequence; splitting the signal sequence into two or more sub-band signal sequences, wherein each sub-band signal sequence is assigned in each case to a frequency sub-band; replacing interference-affected samples in the two or more sub-band signal sequences in each case with a value which is based on adjacent samples in order to obtain corrected sub-band signal sequences; and determining a corrected signal sequence of n samples of the segments based on the corrected sub-band signal sequences.

An image forming apparatus has a photosensitive drum configured to bear a developer image, a developing apparatus having a developing roller that bears developer and a developing blade that regulates the amount of the developer on the developing roller, and a detection portion that detects information on the amount of the developer stored in the developing apparatus. The image forming apparatus performs a discharging operation for discharging a coating agent, applied to a developing roller in an unused state, from the developing apparatus to the photosensitive drum, while varying an operational condition for the discharging operation varied based on the information.

An image forming apparatus has a photosensitive drum configured to bear a developer image, a developing apparatus having a developing roller that bears developer and a developing blade that regulates the amount of the developer on the developing roller, and a detection portion that detects information on the amount of the developer stored in the developing apparatus. The image forming apparatus performs a discharging operation for discharging a coating agent, applied to a developing roller in an unused state, from the developing apparatus to the photosensitive drum, while varying an operational condition for the discharging operation varied based on the information.

A communication device can be configured to detect radar signals within an operating channel. The communication device can include a mixer, filter, scanning and spreading circuit and a radar signal detector. The mixer can be configured to modulate a received communication signal based on an oscillating signal to generate a modulated signal. The filter can have a first bandwidth and be configured to filter the modulated signal. The scanning and spreading circuit can be configured to control the oscillating signal to scan an operating channel having a second bandwidth. The second bandwidth can be greater than the first bandwidth. The radar signal detector can be configured to detect a radar signal within the scanned operating channel.

A radar apparatus includes transmitting means, receiving means, target detection means, and a cover member. The cover member is positioned opposite at least one of the transmitting means and the receiving means, such as to cover at least one of the transmitting means and the receiving means. The cover member is provided with a first face which is positioned opposite at least one of the transmitting means and the receiving means, and a second face which is on an opposite side from the first face and is not parallel to the first face.

A radar apparatus includes transmitting means, receiving means, target detection means, and a cover member. The cover member is positioned opposite at least one of the transmitting means and the receiving means, such as to cover at least one of the transmitting means and the receiving means. The cover member is provided with a first face which is positioned opposite at least one of the transmitting means and the receiving means, and a second face which is on an opposite side from the first face and is not parallel to the first face.