A fluorescent material has a composition represented by (Gd.sub.1−α−β−γR.sub.αCe.sub.βTb.sub.γ).sub.3+a(Al.sub.1−u−vGa.sub.uSc.sub.v).sub.5−bO.sub.12, wherein: R is at least one of Y and Lu; a, b, α, β, γ, u and v satisfy ranges below: 0≦a≦0.1, 0≦b≦0.1, 0≦α≦0.8, 0.0003≦β≦0.005, 0.02≦γ≦0.2, 0.27≦u≦0.75, and 0≦v≦0.02; a relative density is 99% or more; and an effective atomic number is 35 or more and 60 or less.

Disclosed and described herein are embodiments and methods of use of a gamma ray spectroscope. In one aspect the gamma ray spectroscope comprises a scintillator for receiving radiation and a solid-state photomultiplier for detecting and amplifying light emitted by the scintillator in response to the received radiation, wherein an electrical output signal is provided by the photomultiplier that is proportional to the received radiation.

A method is provided to reduce the counting times in radiation detection systems using machine learning, wherein the method comprises: receiving an output data from a detector which is to detect a target material from a target body; analyzing the output data; identifying a material of interest from the analyzed output data; and controlling a source of the target material to prevent the source from harming the target body. An apparatus is also provided which comprises: a detector to detect radiation and to provide an output data in real-time; and a processor coupled to the detector, wherein the processor is to: receive the output data; analyze the output data; identify a material of interest from the analyzed output data; and control a source of the target material.

A method is provided to reduce the counting times in radiation detection systems using machine learning, wherein the method comprises: receiving an output data from a detector which is to detect a target material from a target body; analyzing the output data; identifying a material of interest from the analyzed output data; and controlling a source of the target material to prevent the source from harming the target body. An apparatus is also provided which comprises: a detector to detect radiation and to provide an output data in real-time; and a processor coupled to the detector, wherein the processor is to: receive the output data; analyze the output data; identify a material of interest from the analyzed output data; and control a source of the target material.

The invention provides a semiconductor detector, and the semiconductor detector comprises a semiconductor crystal, a cathode, an anode and at least one ladder electrode; the semiconductor crystal comprises a top surface, a bottom surface and at least one side; the cathode, the anode and the ladder electrode are conductive thin films deposited on a surface of the semiconductor crystal; the cathode is disposed on the bottom surface of the semiconductor crystal, the anode is disposed on the top surface of the semiconductor crystal, the ladder electrode is disposed on the at least one side of the semiconductor crystal; and the ladder electrode comprises a plurality of sub-electrodes. As compared to the prior art, the semiconductor detector can improve the energy resolution.

Various aspects include methods for compensating for the effects of charge sharing among pixelate detectors in X-ray detectors by applying a correspondence factor to counts of X-ray photons in energy bins to estimate incident X-ray photon energy bins. The correspondence factor may be determined by determining an incident X-ray photon energy spectrum, adjusting the incident X-ray photon energy spectrum to account for an energy resolution of the pixelated detector, generating a charge sharing model for the adjusted incident X-ray photon energy spectrum based on a percentage charge sharing parameter of the pixelated detector, applying the charge sharing model to energy bins of the pixelated detector to estimate counts in each of the energy bins, and determining the correspondence factor by comparing the estimated counts in each of the energy bins to counts in the energy bins that would be expected for the adjusting the incident X-ray photon energy spectrum.

The present technology relates to a photoelectric conversion element, a measuring method of the same, a solid-state imaging device, an electronic device, and a solar cell capable of further improving a quantum efficiency in a photoelectric conversion element using a photoelectric conversion layer including an organic semiconductor material. The photoelectric conversion element includes two electrodes forming a positive electrode (11) and a negative electrode (14), at least one charge blocking layer (13, 15) arranged between the two electrodes, and a photoelectric conversion layer (12) arranged between the two electrodes. The at least one charge blocking layer is an electron blocking layer (13) or a hole blocking layer (15), and a potential of the charge blocking layer is bent. The present technology is applied to, for example, a solid-state imaging device, a solar cell, and the like having a photoelectric conversion element.

A radiation monitoring device realizes a high measurement function. Therefore, a radiation monitoring device includes: a radiation detection unit including a phosphor that emits light by incident radiation; a photodetector that converts a single photon or a photon group having a plurality of the single photons generated by the radiation detection unit into an electric pulse signal; and an analysis unit that analyzes the electric pulse signal. The phosphor emits light based on a plurality of light emission phenomena having different decay time constants. The analysis unit includes: a signal discrimination circuit that discriminates the electric pulse signal output from the photodetector; a dose rate calculation circuit that calculates a dose rate of the radiation based on a count rate of the discriminated electric pulse signal; and an application energy calculation circuit that calculates application energy of the radiation based on a peak value of the discriminated electric pulse signal.

In an embodiment a method for operating a radiation detection system having at least one radiation detector and at least one signal filter includes supplying an input signal to the at least one signal filter by the at least one radiation detector, the input signal having step-shaped signal rises, each step-shaped signal rise having a rise time, determining the rise time of a respective step-shaped signal rise, specifying a waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise in each case such that the waiting time is greater than or equal to the rise time of the respective step-shaped signal rise and producing an output signal of the at least one signal filter, data point pairs of the input signal being processed in which a time interval of data points from each other is equal to the waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise, wherein at least 80% of rise times of the step-shaped signal rises lie between 10 ns and 800 ns inclusive, and wherein the at least one radiation detector includes a silicon drift detector having a radiation entry window of at least 5 mm.sup.2.

In an embodiment a method for operating a radiation detection system having at least one radiation detector and at least one signal filter includes supplying an input signal to the at least one signal filter by the at least one radiation detector, the input signal having step-shaped signal rises, each step-shaped signal rise having a rise time, determining the rise time of a respective step-shaped signal rise, specifying a waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise in each case such that the waiting time is greater than or equal to the rise time of the respective step-shaped signal rise and producing an output signal of the at least one signal filter, data point pairs of the input signal being processed in which a time interval of data points from each other is equal to the waiting time for the respective step-shaped signal rise, wherein at least 80% of rise times of the step-shaped signal rises lie between 10 ns and 800 ns inclusive, and wherein the at least one radiation detector includes a silicon drift detector having a radiation entry window of at least 5 mm.sup.2.