A system for determining a fingerprint of a structure is provided. The system includes a plurality of granules inserted in a structure having a plurality of fissures, fractures, and cracks (collectively apertures), each granule comprising a membrane, and at least one bubble of compressed gas formed in the membrane, the membrane selectively dissolving in presence of a predetermined fluid and thereby selectively bursting the at least one bubble, thereby generating a concussing vibration, at least at least i) three detection devices for two-dimensional mapping or ii) four detection devices for three-dimensional mapping placed proximate to the structure according to a predetermined placement schedule, and a computing device comprising a processor configured to receive data from the at least three or four detection devices and to determine location of the at least one bubble of each of the plurality of the granules at the time of bursting by triangulating the concussive vibration in order to determine location of the at least one bubble.

Methods and systems for detecting ice crystals and volcanic ash in concentrations capable of causing power loss in aircraft jet engines. These hazard conditions are inferred from the detection of ice crystals or ash in air recently lifted from the lower atmosphere by convective updrafts. The detection systems can comprise subsystems for detecting air recently lifted from the lower troposphere by measuring radon activity along the aircrafts' flight track, as well as subsystems for detecting ice crystals or volcanic ash around the aircraft via multispectral measurements. The detection of ice crystals in air recently lifted from the lower troposphere indicates that the ice crystals are likely present in large concentration. The detection of volcanic ash in air recently lifted from lower atmosphere also indicates that volcanic ash is likely present in high concentration. These are hazards conditions that could cause power loss, jet engine flameout, and even damage jet engines.

A method is disclosed for determining for determining a presence, type, quality and/or volume of a subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation from a sample related thereto. The method may include determining a noble gas signature of a sample and at least one or more of determining a clumped isotope signature of the sample and characterizing the ecology signature of the sample. Then, the method integrates signatures to determine information about the subsurface accumulation, such as the location, fluid type and quality, and volume of a subsurface hydrocarbon accumulation.

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer programs encoded on a computer storage medium, for detecting seepage of hydrocarbons in subterranean zones. In one aspect, a method includes detecting hydrocarbon seepage at multiple different sampling depths from a surface in a surveyed geographic region, comparing each of the hydrocarbon seepage at the multiple different sampling depths, wherein hydrocarbon seepage at a reference depth is known, and determining hydrocarbon seepage through the surveyed geographic region based on a result of the comparison.

Gas migration rate(s) are determined using gas measurements from gas migration measurement devices. In response to the gas migration rate increasing at greater than a first rate: air ionization measurements are collected from: remote sensing air ionization measurement device(s), meteorological measurements collected from air temperature sensor(s) and relative humidity sensor(s). A latent heat energy release rate is determined using at least two of: the air ionization measurements; the meteorological measurements; and a numerical assimilation model. In response to the latent heat energy release rate increasing at greater than a second rate, transient OLR anomaly are looked for using atmospheric measurements. In response to observing the transient OLR, ionospheric anomal(ies) are looked for using ionosphere measurements collected over a fourth period of time. In response to observing the at least one ionospheric anomaly, a forecast alert that an earthquake is likely to occur within one to four days is generated.

Disclosed is a He-3 detector arrangement that generally comprises a neutron shield interposed between a thermal neutron source and thermal neutron detectors all resting on a metal platform. In operation, thermal neutrons from the thermal neutron source are emitted when the He-3 detector arrangement is on or near the ground. Some of the thermal neutrons from the neutron source backscatter from the regolith to the neutron detector where a baseline count level is registered. When He-3 is present in the regolith, some of the thermal neutrons are absorbed by the He-3, which reduces the detected count rate. When integrated with a rover, the He-3 detector is moved from place to place with the count rates at each location compared. In this manner, higher and lower levels of He-3 in the regolith can be mapped indicating target regions for mining the He-3.

The disclosure includes a soil gas sampling probe for collection samples of soil gas, a soil gas sampling system that includes at least one recirculation loop that includes a soil gas sampling probe as a component, and methods of using the soil gas sampling probe and the soil gas sampling system.

A portable monitor used to measure landfill gas and landfill well parameters. The portable monitor includes a control unit and a measuring unit that can communicate wirelessly with one another. The control unit and/or measuring unit can include a heating arrangement to increase the temperature of one or more components in the control unit and/or measuring unit in cold environments.

Carbonate samples are received from a wellbore formed in a geologic formation. An oxygen isotope ratio and carbon isotope ratio present within each of the carbonate samples are determined. A mineral composition of each of the carbonate samples is determined. A plot showing the determined oxygen isotope ratios versus a depth from where within the wellbore each of the carbonate samples was obtained is created. One or more negative oxygen isotope shifts are identified based on the plot. Natural carbonate cement levels within one or more of the plurality of carbonate samples that correspond to the one or more negative oxygen isotope shifts identified in the plot are determined. One or more production sweet spots are determined based on the identified negative oxygen isotope shifts and the determined natural carbonate cement levels.

A core sample with carbonate veins is obtained from a well formed in the hydrocarbon reservoir. Formation water samples are obtained from the well. Mineralogy of carbonate in the carbonate veins is analyzed. An oxygen isotope ratio between oxygen isotopes in the formation water and an oxygen isotope ratio between oxygen isotopes in the carbonates are determined. A formation paleo-temperature value is determined based on the determined oxygen isotope ratio using a model that relates the formation paleo-temperature value and the oxygen isotope ratio.