Subsurface monitoring can include obtaining a first set of subsurface resistivity measurements at a first time using a subsurface monitoring apparatus and obtaining a second set of subsurface resistivity measurements at a second different time using the subsurface monitoring apparatus. The second set of subsurface resistivity measurements can be compared to the first set of subsurface resistivity measurements, for instance at the subsurface monitoring apparatus or another component in a system. A notification can be generated when the second set of subsurface resistivity measurements differs from the first set of subsurface resistivity measurements by a first predetermined threshold. The subsurface monitoring apparatus can include a main controller and a plurality of electrode probes that extend a distance into a ground surface. A remote server can be in communication with the subsurface monitoring apparatus over a network.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method of determining underground liquid content (e.g., water, sewage, etc.). Embodiments may include: receiving, from a radiofrequency radiation sensor, a main scan of an area, the main scan may include reflections from the area at RF range, and receiving typical roughness values of one or more types of water sources. Embodiments may further include: filtering from the main scan undesired water source types according to their typical roughness values, identifying a desired type of water source in the filtered main scan and receiving from the RF radiation sensor a set of scans of the area, each scan of the area includes reflections in the RF range taken prior to the receiving of the main scan. Embodiments may include calculating the underground water content at locations in the area based on the identified first type of water source and the received set of scans.

Embodiments for monitoring groundwater discharge by one or more processors are described. A groundwater head at each of at least some of a plurality of locations is measured. A groundwater discharge for at least one of the plurality of locations is determined based on the measured groundwater heads. The determined groundwater discharge is compared to a groundwater discharge threshold associated with the at least one of the plurality of locations.

Embodiments for monitoring groundwater discharge by one or more processors are described. A groundwater head at each of at least some of a plurality of locations is measured. A groundwater discharge for at least one of the plurality of locations is determined based on the measured groundwater heads. The determined groundwater discharge is compared to a groundwater discharge threshold associated with the at least one of the plurality of locations.

The present invention discloses an adjustable karst water and soil loss simulation apparatus, comprising a surface runoff region, a vegetation buffer layer, a rainfall simulation apparatus, a bare rock-soil layer, a ponor, a slope adjuster, permeable layers, an underground river emergence point, a water receiving port, a glass perspective plate, a movable chassis and a waterproof base layer. The apparatus in the present invention can simulate special surface and underground dual environments in a karst environment, thereby aiding interpretation, providing simulation of a real environment under various environmental condition differences and bringing accurate water and soil loss data under similar conditions. Moreover, the apparatus has characteristics of transparent simulation, accurate numerical value, wide simulation application scope, simple structure, portability, convenient use, durability and the like.

The present disclosure relates to an apparatus and a method for localizing an underwater anomalous body, which detect, in real time, any one disturbed signal among a disturbed electric field, a disturbed magnetic field, and a disturbed gravity field by means of a detection line installed in the water when an anomalous body such as a submarine passes through the water, calculates a correlation coefficient between the disturbed signal detected in real time and a template in which disturbed signals for each position are calculated and stored in advance, finds a correlation coefficient having highest similarity, and determines a position of the anomalous body from the template.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method of determining underground liquid (e.g., water) content. Embodiments of the method may include: receiving a scan of an area at a first polarization, the scan scans including reflections from the area. Embodiments of the invention may include receiving an additional data. Embodiments of the method may further include filtering electromagnetic noise from the scan using the additional data. Embodiments of the method may further include creating a water roughness map based on typical roughness values of various types of water sources and the filtered scan, identifying a first type of water sources using the water roughness map and the filtered scan and calculating the water content at locations in the area based on the identified first type of water sources.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method of determining underground liquid (e.g., water) content. Embodiments of the method may include: receiving a scan of an area at a first polarization, the scan scans including reflections from the area. Embodiments of the invention may include receiving an additional data. Embodiments of the method may further include filtering electromagnetic noise from the scan using the additional data. Embodiments of the method may further include creating a water roughness map based on typical roughness values of various types of water sources and the filtered scan, identifying a first type of water sources using the water roughness map and the filtered scan and calculating the water content at locations in the area based on the identified first type of water sources.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method of determining underground liquid (e.g., water) content. Embodiments of the method may include: receiving a scan of an area at a first polarization, the scan scans including first L band microwave reflections from the area. Embodiments of the invention may include receiving an optical data at a wavelength of 1 millimeter to 10 nanometers. Embodiments of the method may further include filtering electromagnetic noise from the scan using the optical data. Embodiments of the method may further include creating a water roughness map based on typical roughness values of various types of water sources and the filtered scan, identifying a first type of water sources using the water roughness map and the filtered scan and calculating the water content at locations in the area based on the identified first type of water sources.

Embodiments of the invention are directed to a method of determining underground liquid (e.g., water) content. Embodiments of the method may include: receiving a scan of an area at a first polarization, the scan scans including first L band microwave reflections from the area. Embodiments of the invention may include receiving an optical data at a wavelength of 1 millimeter to 10 nanometers. Embodiments of the method may further include filtering electromagnetic noise from the scan using the optical data. Embodiments of the method may further include creating a water roughness map based on typical roughness values of various types of water sources and the filtered scan, identifying a first type of water sources using the water roughness map and the filtered scan and calculating the water content at locations in the area based on the identified first type of water sources.