A method is described for seismic imaging that may include receiving a partially flattened seismic image representative of a subsurface volume of interest; detecting moire patterns in the partially flattened seismic image; quantitatively characterizing the moire patterns; calculating flattening corrections based on the quantitatively characterized moire patterns; applying the flattening corrections to the partially flattened seismic image to generated a new flattened seismic image; and identifying geologic features based on the new flattened seismic image. The method may be executed by a computer system.

A method can include receiving seismic data, where, in the seismic data, seismic energy reflections represent events associated with structures in a subsurface geologic environment; performing reference wavefield simulations of a reference wavefield, based on a reference model of the subsurface geologic environment for traveltimes of the events; for each time-step of the reference wavefield simulations, passing a reference wavefield simulation result to a correction term simulation that utilizes a limited number of time-steps to generate a correction term simulation result; after the limited number of time-steps, passing the correction term simulation result to a summed-correction wavefield simulation to generate a summed-correction wavefield result; generating a corrected wavefield as a sum of a final reference wavefield simulation result and a final summed-correction wavefield simulation result; and outputting a seismic image based on the corrected seismic wavefield, where the corrected seismic wavefield improves accuracy of the structures in the subsurface.

Methods and apparatuses for directional designature in shot domain are provided. Azimuth and take-off angles are calculated for each record in the seismic data. Directional designature is then applied to the seismic data using a source signature dependent on the azimuth and take-off angles.

Methods, systems, and apparatuses are disclosed for conducting reconnaissance marine seismic surveys. In one example method of acquiring a marine seismic survey, a plurality of streamers are towed behind an acquisition vessel, the plurality of streamers defining a swath. An independent source is towed by an independent source vessel above one or more of the plurality of towed streamers.

Systems and methods for geological medium exploration are provided herein. A method of geological medium exploration may include generating vibrations in a geological medium and recording wave-fields at a surface and in a borehole. Additionally, the method may include obtaining a wave field modification operator and applying the wave-field operator to a full range of seismic data to achieve a spectrally-modified wave field.