Provided are a method and system of analyzing ingredients of an artificial rainfall for verification of a cloud seeding effect. As the method and system, which can verify an effect of the artificial rainfall in such a manner that a seeding material becomes different according to each temperature of clouds at a seeding altitude, water sampling from precipitation is performed before and after seeding, and thus the ingredients of a water sample are analyzed using each of a method of analyzing a heavy metal component and a method of analyzing a water-soluble ion component according to a cool cloud and a warm cloud so that whether or not there is a change in each concentration of the ingredients can be determined, are provided, an experiment for the artificial rainfall can more effectively be performed.

Provided are a method and system of analyzing ingredients of an artificial rainfall for verification of a cloud seeding effect. As the method and system, which can verify an effect of the artificial rainfall in such a manner that a seeding material becomes different according to each temperature of clouds at a seeding altitude, water sampling from precipitation is performed before and after seeding, and thus the ingredients of a water sample are analyzed using each of a method of analyzing a heavy metal component and a method of analyzing a water-soluble ion component according to a cool cloud and a warm cloud so that whether or not there is a change in each concentration of the ingredients can be determined, are provided, an experiment for the artificial rainfall can more effectively be performed.

The invention is directed towards decoupling tidal effects from time-series depth measurements. A drainage sensor includes a fluid depth sensor. The drainage sensors are positioned at monitoring points in a drainage system. Stormwater flows into an input of the drainage system. A tidal depth sensor is positioned in a tidal body of water near an output of the drainage system. During period of high tide, tidal water backflows into the output of the drainage system. The decoupling is accomplished by generating a model of tidal backflow patterns based on data from the drainage sensors and the tidal sensor. The model accounts for a lag time between the tidal data measurements and measurements of the drainage sensors. The model is be used to predict the contribution of tidal backflow effects to stormwater data.

The invention is directed towards decoupling tidal effects from time-series depth measurements. A drainage sensor includes a fluid depth sensor. The drainage sensors are positioned at monitoring points in a drainage system. Stormwater flows into an input of the drainage system. A tidal depth sensor is positioned in a tidal body of water near an output of the drainage system. During period of high tide, tidal water backflows into the output of the drainage system. The decoupling is accomplished by generating a model of tidal backflow patterns based on data from the drainage sensors and the tidal sensor. The model accounts for a lag time between the tidal data measurements and measurements of the drainage sensors. The model is be used to predict the contribution of tidal backflow effects to stormwater data.

Currently available weather forecasts, which include a specific snowfall accumulation or range, do not convey the probability that snowfall will be within the forecasted snowfall accumulation range, probabilities of other snowfall accumulation amounts, or a forecaster's level of confidence. A snowfall probability distribution forecasting system is disclosed that uses a rules-based process to leverage third party weather forecasts, including members of ensemble forecasts, to generate snowfall probability distributions forecasting the most likely snowfall accumulation range, the probability that snowfall accumulation will be within the most likely snowfall accumulation range, and probabilities that snowfall accumulation will be outside of the most likely snowfall accumulation range. To ensure consistency with the deterministic forecast, the snowfall probability distribution may be shifted based on a deterministic forecast. Because third party weather forecasts can produce a non-normal distribution of snowfall accumulation forecasts, the snowfall probability distribution may be normalized.

Currently available weather forecasts, which include a specific snowfall accumulation or range, do not convey the probability that snowfall will be within the forecasted snowfall accumulation range, probabilities of other snowfall accumulation amounts, or a forecaster's level of confidence. A snowfall probability distribution forecasting system is disclosed that uses a rules-based process to leverage third party weather forecasts, including members of ensemble forecasts, to generate snowfall probability distributions forecasting the most likely snowfall accumulation range, the probability that snowfall accumulation will be within the most likely snowfall accumulation range, and probabilities that snowfall accumulation will be outside of the most likely snowfall accumulation range. To ensure consistency with the deterministic forecast, the snowfall probability distribution may be shifted based on a deterministic forecast. Because third party weather forecasts can produce a non-normal distribution of snowfall accumulation forecasts, the snowfall probability distribution may be normalized.

A system for measuring snowfall comprising: a pressure sensor disposed beneath the surface of an inland body of water located within a region of interest; and a data logger operably connected to the pressure sensor, the data logger being arranged to receive and log data from the pressure sensor.

A system for measuring snowfall comprising: a pressure sensor disposed beneath the surface of an inland body of water located within a region of interest; and a data logger operably connected to the pressure sensor, the data logger being arranged to receive and log data from the pressure sensor.

Disclosed herein is a black ice detection system, and more particularly, a system for detecting black ice on roads, which is capable of using a reflector and beamforming array radar installed along a road so as to measure a change in permittivity depending on the change of state of water and ice on the road and to warn of and take an appropriate action with regard to freezing conditions by detecting the same.

Disclosed herein is a black ice detection system, and more particularly, a system for detecting black ice on roads, which is capable of using a reflector and beamforming array radar installed along a road so as to measure a change in permittivity depending on the change of state of water and ice on the road and to warn of and take an appropriate action with regard to freezing conditions by detecting the same.