A method for estimating confidence bounds for adjusted rainfall values for a set of geo-locations using agricultural data comprises using a server computer system that receives, via a network, agricultural data records that are used to estimate rainfall values for the set of geo-locations. Within the server computer system, rainfall calculation instructions receive digital data including observed radar and rain-gauge agricultural data records. The computer system then aggregates the agricultural data records and creates and stores the agricultural data sets. The agricultural data records are then used to estimate adjusted rainfall values for a set of geo-locations. Rainfall confidence bounds instructions estimate a set of confidence bounds for each of the adjusted rainfall values for the set of geo-locations. The set of confidence bounds provide a range for each of the adjusted rainfall values that represents a particular level of confidence associated with each of the adjusted rainfall values.

A system for passive microwave remote sensing using at least one microwave radiometer includes a fixed body portion, the fixed body portion being configured to attach to a mobile platform, and a mobile body portion, the mobile body portion being configured for rotatably coupling with the fixed body portion for rotation about a rotation axis. The mobile body portion is configured for supporting the at least one microwave radiometer therein such that the at least one microwave radiometer rotates about the rotation axis when the mobile body portion is rotated about the rotation axis such that a polarization axis of the at least one radiometer is aligned with an earth axis. The fixed body portion includes a motor mechanism for effecting rotation of the mobile body portion such that the at least one microwave radiometer provides a vertical scanning below and above the mobile platform.

The technology relates to an intelligent weather data service for providing optimized weather forecast data using real time weather observation data in response to weather forecast requests. A weather data system may include a scorer job configured to obtain weather observation data and weather forecast data from a plurality of weather data sources and to generate a plurality of error scores for the weather forecast data over a predetermined time period, each of the plurality of error scores corresponding to one of the plurality of weather data sources and indicating, for a cell on a grid map, an amount or a probability of error in the weather forecast data by a weather data source in relation to the weather observation data; an observations index configured to index the weather observation data; a data store configured to store the plurality of error scores; and a fusion layer configured to receive and respond to a weather data request using the plurality of error scores.

The technology relates to an intelligent weather data service for providing optimized weather forecast data using real time weather observation data in response to weather forecast requests. A weather data system may include a scorer job configured to obtain weather observation data and weather forecast data from a plurality of weather data sources and to generate a plurality of error scores for the weather forecast data over a predetermined time period, each of the plurality of error scores corresponding to one of the plurality of weather data sources and indicating, for a cell on a grid map, an amount or a probability of error in the weather forecast data by a weather data source in relation to the weather observation data; an observations index configured to index the weather observation data; a data store configured to store the plurality of error scores; and a fusion layer configured to receive and respond to a weather data request using the plurality of error scores.

In various embodiments, information regarding weather sensing devices in an observation network can be collected. Value differences such as root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) can then be calculated for values of a weather variable based on the collected information. A relationship between the value differences and distances among the weather sensing devices can be determined. A pre-determined value difference for the weather variable such as a pre-determined RMSE for the weather variable can be obtained. A distance for positioning two weather sensing devices in the observation network can be determined based on the relationship and the pre-determined value difference. One or more instructions may be issued based on the determined distance for a configuration of the observation network.

In various embodiments, information regarding weather sensing devices in an observation network can be collected. Value differences such as root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) can then be calculated for values of a weather variable based on the collected information. A relationship between the value differences and distances among the weather sensing devices can be determined. A pre-determined value difference for the weather variable such as a pre-determined RMSE for the weather variable can be obtained. A distance for positioning two weather sensing devices in the observation network can be determined based on the relationship and the pre-determined value difference. One or more instructions may be issued based on the determined distance for a configuration of the observation network.

A system for passive microwave remote sensing using at least one microwave radiometer includes a fixed body portion and a mobile body portion. The mobile body portion is configured for rotatably coupling with the fixed body portion for rotation about a rotation axis. The mobile body portion is configured for supporting the microwave radiometer therein such that the microwave radiometer rotates about the rotation axis when the mobile body portion is rotated about the rotation axis such that a polarization axis of the radiometer is aligned with an earth axis. The fixed body portion includes a motor mechanism for effecting rotation of the mobile body portion. In an embodiment, the mobile body portion includes a plurality of body section, each body section being configured for supporting a microwave radiometer therein. In another embodiment, each one of the plurality of body sections is configured to be interchangeably coupled with each other.

This application relates to an input data generating apparatus for generating forcing data used as input data for a climate change prediction model. In one aspect, the apparatus includes a memory storing instructions and a processor configured to, by executing the instructions, collect new ground type data from land-use harmonization (LUH) data that is restored through history database of the global environment (HYDE) and provided by the coupled model inter-comparison project (CMIP). The processor may also collect existing ground type data calculated by an existing model in a previous phase of the CMIP, generate aggregated ground type data by data-aggregating the new ground type data and the existing ground type data, with priority to the new ground type data. The processor may further generate the forcing data from the aggregated ground type data by performing a distortion correction on a data distortion that occurs during the data aggregation.

A reference devices system (720) for generating and managing calibration data for sensors used to obtain weather information is provided. The reference devices system (720) includes a plurality of reference devices, wherein a reference device (110) of the plurality of reference devices is configured to be calibrated against a weather station (115) and to serve as a calibration reference for a community device (130).

A reference devices system (720) for generating and managing calibration data for sensors used to obtain weather information is provided. The reference devices system (720) includes a plurality of reference devices, wherein a reference device (110) of the plurality of reference devices is configured to be calibrated against a weather station (115) and to serve as a calibration reference for a community device (130).