A liquid crystal element (100) refracts and outputs light. The liquid crystal element (100) includes a first electrode (1), a second electrode (2), an insulating layer (21) that is an electric insulator, a resistance layer (22), a liquid crystal layer (23) including liquid crystal, and a third electrode (3). The insulating layer (21) is disposed between each location of the first and second electrodes (1) and (2) and the resistance layer (22) to insulate the first and second electrodes (1) and (2) from the resistance layer (22). The resistance layer (22) has an electrical resistivity higher than that of the first electrode (1) and lower than that of the insulating layer (21). The resistance layer (22) and the liquid crystal layer (23) are disposed between the insulating layer (21) and the third electrode (3). The resistance layer (22) is disposed between the insulating layer (21) and the liquid crystal layer (23). The insulating layer (21) has a thickness (ts) smaller than a thickness (th) of the resistance layer (22).

An electronic device such as a head-mounted device may have a display that produces a display image. The head-mounted device may have an optical system that merges real-world images from real-world objects with display images. The optical system provides the real-world images and display images to an eye box for viewing by a user. The optical system may use time interleaving techniques and/or polarization effects to merge real-world and display images. Switchable devices such as polarization switches and tunable lenses may be controlled in synchronization with frames of display images. Geometrical phase lenses may be used that exhibit different lens powers to different polarizations of light.

An electronic device such as a head-mounted device may have a display that produces a display image. The head-mounted device may have an optical system that merges real-world images from real-world objects with display images. The optical system provides the real-world images and display images to an eye box for viewing by a user. The optical system may use time interleaving techniques and/or polarization effects to merge real-world and display images. Switchable devices such as polarization switches and tunable lenses may be controlled in synchronization with frames of display images. Geometrical phase lenses may be used that exhibit different lens powers to different polarizations of light.

An objective of the present disclosure is to provide an image display device capable of suppressing stray light and outputting a high-quality video. An image display device according to the present disclosure comprises a protective cover covering a periphery of a light guide, wherein the protective cover comprises a concave lens and a convex lens, wherein the concave lens and the light guide are disposed at intervals of 4 mm or less, and wherein the convex lens and the light guide are disposed at intervals of 5 mm or less.

Adaptive spectacles (20) include a spectacle frame (25) and first and second electrically-tunable lenses (22, 24), mounted in the spectacle frame. In one embodiment, control circuitry (26) is configured to receive an input indicative of a distance from an eye of a person wearing the spectacles to an object (34) viewed by the person, and to tune the first and second lenses in response to the input.

Adaptive spectacles (20) include a spectacle frame (25) and first and second electrically-tunable lenses (22, 24), mounted in the spectacle frame. In one embodiment, control circuitry (26) is configured to receive an input indicative of a distance from an eye of a person wearing the spectacles to an object (34) viewed by the person, and to tune the first and second lenses in response to the input.

An optical article (1) is disclosed, comprising: —a base lens substrate (10), having a front surface (101) and a back surface (102), —an abrasion resistant coating (20) covering at least one of said front surface and said back surface, the abrasion resistant coating (20) having a first surface (21, 22) at the interface with the base lens substrate and a second surface (22,21) opposite the first, and —at least one optical element (30) protruding from one of the first and second surfaces of said abrasion resistant coating, said optical element being composed of a material adapted to form an abrasion resistant coating.

Various implementations disclosed herein include devices, systems, and methods that determines an eye characteristic (e.g., gaze direction, eye orientation, etc.) based on the determined location of the glint. For example, an example process may include producing a glint by producing light that reflects off a portion of an eye, receiving the reflected light at a sensor wherein the reflected light is received after passing through a multi-zone lens having a first zone and a second zone, the first zone and second zone having different energy-spreading characteristics, determining a location of the glint based on the reflected light received at the sensor, and determining an eye characteristic based on the determined location of the glint.

Various implementations disclosed herein include devices, systems, and methods that determines an eye characteristic (e.g., gaze direction, eye orientation, etc.) based on the determined location of the glint. For example, an example process may include producing a glint by producing light that reflects off a portion of an eye, receiving the reflected light at a sensor wherein the reflected light is received after passing through a multi-zone lens having a first zone and a second zone, the first zone and second zone having different energy-spreading characteristics, determining a location of the glint based on the reflected light received at the sensor, and determining an eye characteristic based on the determined location of the glint.

This lens is provided with: a transparent first substrate; a transparent second substrate provided facing the first substrate in the thickness direction of the first substrate; a first optical characteristic varying portion which is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate, and which has an optical characteristic which is varied by means of electric control; and a second optical characteristic varying portion which is provided between the first substrate and the second substrate, is provided displaced with respect to the first optical characteristic varying portion in the thickness direction, and which has a optical characteristic which is varied by means of electric control.