A waveguide apparatus includes a planar waveguide and at least one optical diffraction element (DOE) that provides a plurality of optical paths between an exterior and interior of the planar waveguide. A phase profile of the DOE may combine a linear diffraction grating with a circular lens, to shape a wave front and produce beams with desired focus. Waveguide apparati may be assembled to create multiple focal planes. The DOE may have a low diffraction efficiency, and planar waveguides may be transparent when viewed normally, allowing passage of light from an ambient environment (e.g., real world) useful in AR systems. Light may be returned for temporally sequentially passes through the planar waveguide. The DOE(s) may be fixed or may have dynamically adjustable characteristics. An optical coupler system may couple images to the waveguide apparatus from a projector, for instance a biaxially scanning cantilevered optical fiber tip.

Building blocks are provided for on-chip chemical sensors and other highly-compact photonic integrated circuits combining interband or quantum cascade lasers and detectors with passive waveguides and other components integrated on a III-V or silicon. A MWIR or LWIR laser source is evanescently coupled into a passive extended or resonant-cavity waveguide that provides evanescent coupling to a sample gas (or liquid) for spectroscopic chemical sensing. In the case of an ICL, the uppermost layer of this passive waveguide has a relatively high index of refraction that enables it to form the core of the waveguide, while the ambient air, consisting of the sample gas, functions as the top cladding layer. A fraction of the propagating light beam is absorbed by the sample gas if it contains a chemical species having a fingerprint absorption feature within the spectral linewidth of the laser emission.

Methods for fabricating an optical waveguide and a display device and a photomask used therein is provided. Firstly, a photomask is provided, wherein the photomask has light blocking structures regularly distributed. A first light curing resin layer is formed on a first transparent substrate. Next, the photomask is placed on the first light curing resin layer. The first light curing resin layer is irradiated and cured with incident light through the photomask and the light blocking structures to have a first curing level and a first refractive index. The first curing level and the first refractive index, corresponding to each other, are periodically distributed. Finally, the photomask is removed from the first light curing resin layer to form an optical waveguide with the first light curing resin layer having the first curing level that is periodically distributed and the first transparent substrate.

Methods for fabricating an optical waveguide and a display device and a photomask used therein is provided. Firstly, a photomask is provided, wherein the photomask has light blocking structures regularly distributed. A first light curing resin layer is formed on a first transparent substrate. Next, the photomask is placed on the first light curing resin layer. The first light curing resin layer is irradiated and cured with incident light through the photomask and the light blocking structures to have a first curing level and a first refractive index. The first curing level and the first refractive index, corresponding to each other, are periodically distributed. Finally, the photomask is removed from the first light curing resin layer to form an optical waveguide with the first light curing resin layer having the first curing level that is periodically distributed and the first transparent substrate.

A superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) device includes a substrate having a top surface, an optical waveguide on the top surface of the substrate to receive light propagating substantially parallel to the top surface of the substrate, a seed layer of metal nitride on the optical waveguide, and a superconductive wire on the seed layer. The superconductive wire is a metal nitride different from the metal nitride of the seed layer and is optically coupled to the optical waveguide.

Structures including an edge coupler and methods of fabricating a structure including an edge coupler. The edge coupler includes a waveguide core having an end surface that terminates proximate to an edge of a substrate. The waveguide core contains a material having a first state with a first refractive index in response to an applied stimulus and a second state with a second refractive index different from the first refractive index.

Embodiments provide for an optical modulator that includes a first silicon region, a polycrystalline silicon region; a gate oxide region joining the first silicon region to a first side of the polycrystalline region; and a second silicon region formed on a second side of the polycrystalline silicon region opposite to the first side, thereby defining an active region of an optical modulator between the first silicon region, the polycrystalline region, the gate oxide region, and the second silicon region. The polycrystalline silicon region may be between 0 and 60 nanometers thick, and may be formed or patterned to the desired thickness. The second silicon region may be epitaxially grown from the polycrystalline silicon region and patterned into a desired cross sectional shape separately from or in combination with the polycrystalline silicon region.

A system may include one or more electronic devices. Fiber bundles may be provided to convey light. A fiber bundle may have a bend along its length. Fibers for the fiber bundle may be formed from polymer cores coated with polymer claddings. The fibers may have end faces coated with antireflection coatings. The antireflection coatings may be formed from amorphous fluoropolymer deposited from solution. The fluoropolymer may be applied to the end faces of the fibers by dipping, spraying, or by dispensing with a needle dispenser or other dispensing tool. An optical component such as a light-emitting device for a communications system, an illumination system, or a sensor system may provide infrared light that is guided through the fiber bundle.

The invention relates to garment assembly for the transmission of the external light radiations or light waves to the skin underneath the garment assembly, more particularly it relates to a garment assembly comprising at least a light wave guiding means with preferably one or more light wave collecting means and preferably one or more light wave diffusing means, for collecting light waves from the external side of the garment assembly and transferring it to the skin covered by the garment assembly or by another garment. Said garment assembly may be composed by a first part, facing an external side of the garment assembly and a second part, facing an internal side of the garment assembly, which are permanently or detachably optically coupled to each other through said wave guiding means.

An input device according to one or more embodiments may include a light guide plate configured to direct light entering from a light source so that the light exits from a light emitting surface and forms an image in a space, the image being an object for an input action from a user; a sensor configured to detect an object employed by a user for the input action; an input detection unit configured to detect an input from a user on the basis of a detection result from the sensor for the object; and a notification unit configured to notify a user that the input was detected when the input detection unit has detected an input from a user. The sensor may be placed in a space opposite the light emitting surface of the light guide plate.